Browsing by Author "Banu, Rajesh"

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    Agricultural Wastes: A Feedstock for Citric Acid Production Through Microbial Pathway
    (CRC Press, 2023-06-02T00:00:00) Sachdeva, Saloni; Banu, Rajesh; Nandabalan, Yogalakshmi Kadapakkam
    Citric acid holds a dominant position in industrial manufacturing due to its widespread application. It can be extricated as natural products through microbial pathways. A greater part of citric acid production is currently achieved by fermentation techniques where molasses/starch-based media are used. Microbial strains such as Penicillium spp, Aspergillus spp, Acremonium spp, and many others excrete variable amounts of citric acid as a primary metabolite. So far, Aspergillus niger has been recognized to produce a higher yield of around 112 g of citric acid /100 g of sucrose. However, the increasing demands has necessiated the need for more efficient procedures to enhance the yield. Several studies have been documented where agri-wastes such as rice straw, coconut husk, corn stalk, apple pomace, sugarcane bagasse, and many others were subjected to varied microorganisms (mainly fungal species) to increase the productivity of citric acid. Substantial citric acids have been produced using genetically modifying organisms (fungi Aspergillus and yeast Candida) and divergent combinations of microbe-substrate, but large-scale production has not yet been established. Also, the utilization of these fossil carbon sources has caused environmental deterioration, which instigates interest in agricultural waste as a potential substrate. Agricultural wastes are considered an economically feasible option and a renewable source that can be consumed by plenty of microorganisms. This chapter covers a detailed description of agri-waste bioconversion to citric acid which can further help in this fast-moving domain. � 2023 selection and editorial matter Gustavo Molina, Minaxi Sharma, Vipin Chandra Kalia, Franciele Maria Pelissari, Vijai Kumar Gupta, individual chapters, the contributors.
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    An Insight into Biological Photovoltaic Cell Based Electrochemical System
    (Springer Singapore, 2021-02-02T00:00:00) Rani, Gini; Jaswal, Vijay; Banu, Rajesh; Yogalakshmi, K.N.
    Biological photovoltaic cells can be called as living solar cells. They use oxygenic photoautotrophs such as cyanobacteria and algae, instead of silicon, to capture light energy for photolysis. The organisms such as cyanobacteria and algae capture light energy during the process of photosynthesis and perform charge separation of water molecules (photolysis), producing protons, electrons, and oxygen molecules. The electrons thus produced are transferred to the anode and through external circuit they move to cathode to get reduced to water, producing electric current. Biophotovoltaic (BPV) are different from traditional silicon based solar photovoltaics (SPV) cells in a number of ways. Unlike SPV, the presence of water is imperative in BPV for the algae/cyanobacteria to perform photolysis. The BPV are self-renewing in nature and do not require any external carbon source for growth. The technology of BPV can be incorporated in bioelectrochemical systems (BES) to generate green energy. BPV based electrochemical technology can be used as solar bio-battery or bio-solar panel. It can also be utilized in low powered devices such as alarm clocks. Despite the multiple advantages of BPV, still they are in the threshold of its development due to its energy conversion efficiency. The chapter would comprehensively explain the principle, working, and application of biological photovoltaic systems. � Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020.