Browsing by Author "Bhattacharya, Amit"

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    Microglia Specific Drug Targeting Using Natural Products for the Regulation of Redox Imbalance in Neurodegeneration
    (Frontiers Media S.A., 2021-04-13T00:00:00) Maurya, Shashank Kumar; Bhattacharya, Neetu; Mishra, Suman; Bhattacharya, Amit; Banerjee, Pratibha; Senapati, Sabyasachi; Mishra, Rajnikant
    Microglia, a type of innate immune cell of the brain, regulates neurogenesis, immunological surveillance, redox imbalance, cognitive and behavioral changes under normal and pathological conditions like Alzheimer�s, Parkinson�s, Multiple sclerosis and traumatic brain injury. Microglia produces a wide variety of cytokines to maintain homeostasis. It also participates in synaptic pruning and regulation of neurons overproduction by phagocytosis of neural precursor cells. The phenotypes of microglia are regulated by the local microenvironment of neurons and astrocytes via interaction with both soluble and membrane-bound mediators. In case of neuron degeneration as observed in acute or chronic neurodegenerative diseases, microglia gets released from the inhibitory effect of neurons and astrocytes, showing activated phenotype either of its dual function. Microglia shows neuroprotective effect by secreting growths factors to heal neurons and clears cell debris through phagocytosis in case of a moderate stimulus. But the same microglia starts releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-?, IFN-?, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO), increasing neuroinflammation and redox imbalance in the brain under chronic signals. Therefore, pharmacological targeting of microglia would be a promising strategy in the regulation of neuroinflammation, redox imbalance and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Some studies present potentials of natural products like curcumin, resveratrol, cannabidiol, ginsenosides, flavonoids and sulforaphane to suppress activation of microglia. These natural products have also been proposed as effective therapeutics to regulate the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The present review article intends to explain the molecular mechanisms and functions of microglia and molecular dynamics of microglia specific genes and proteins like Iba1 and Tmem119 in neurodegeneration. The possible interventions by curcumin, resveratrol, cannabidiol, ginsenosides, flavonoids and sulforaphane on microglia specific protein Iba1 suggest possibility of natural products mediated regulation of microglia phenotypes and its functions to control redox imbalance and neuroinflammation in management of Alzheimer�s, Parkinson�s and Multiple Sclerosis for microglia-mediated therapeutics. � Copyright � 2021 Maurya, Bhattacharya, Mishra, Bhattacharya, Banerjee, Senapati and Mishra.
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    Obesity-Induced Chronic Low-Level Inflammation and Cancers
    (Springer Singapore, 2021-07-18T00:00:00) Bhattacharya, Neetu; Maurya, Shashank Kumar; Bhattacharya, Amit; Senapati, Sabyasachi
    The World Health Organization (WHO) has highlighted �overweight and obesity� as a public health concern and a significant risk factor for several chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. The association between the different factors that can lead to the chronic inflammatory condition in the obese persons and their effect in tumorigenesis and several cancers (esophageal, liver, colon, postmenopausal breast, and endometrial cancers) have been partially unraveled. The functional association between inflammation and cancer is not new. Existing hypotheses of obesity-associated cancer underline direct effects of dietary ingredients or metabolic imbalance in the body. The recent evidences suggest a significant connection between chronic inflammation and cancer risk, possibly involving dietary and metabolic components. In the nineteenth century, Virchow first addressed the involvement of immune cells in tumorigenesis (Balkwill and Mantovani, The Lancet 357:539�545, 2001). The mediators and cellular effectors of inflammation are essential components of the tumor microenvironment and are more likely to contribute to tumor growth, its development and immunosuppression (Coussens and Werb, Nature 420:860�867, 2002). A strong relationship of chronic inflammation with malignant diseases can be traced in several individuals with inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Ulcerative colitis and Crohn�s disease, also developing colon carcinogenesis. Further, hepatitis C infection in the hepatic cells has been predisposed to liver carcinoma. Understanding these molecular pathways of cancer-related inflammation could lead to identification of new target molecules for improved diagnosis and treatment regimes. In this chapter, we will critically discuss the roles of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and inflammatory signaling pathways related to obesity and cancer risk. � The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Taylor and Francis Pte Ltd. 2021.