Browsing by Author "Chhichholiya, Yogita"

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    Brain metastasis in breast cancer: focus on genes and signaling pathways involved, blood�brain barrier and treatment strategies
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023-03-10T00:00:00) Chhichholiya, Yogita; Ruthuparna, Malayil; Velagaleti, Harini; Munshi, Anjana
    Breast cancer�(BC) is one of the most prevalent types of cancer in women. Despite advancement in early detection and efficient treatment, recurrence and metastasis continue to pose a significant risk to the life of BC patients. Brain metastasis�(BM) reported in 17�20 percent of BC patients is considered as a major cause of mortality and morbidity in these patients. BM includes various steps from primary breast tumor to secondary tumor formation. Various steps involved are primary tumor formation, angiogenesis, invasion, extravasation, and brain colonization. Genes involved in different pathways have been reported to be associated with BC cells metastasizing to the brain. ADAM8 gene, EN1 transcription factor, WNT, and VEGF signaling pathway have been associated with primary breast tumor; MMP1, COX2, XCR4, PI3k/Akt, ERK and MAPK pathways in angiogenesis; Noth, CD44, Zo-1, CEMIP, S0X2 and OLIG2 are involved in invasion, extravasation and colonization, respectively. In addition, the blood�brain barrier is also a key factor in BM. Dysregulation of cell junctions, tumor microenvironment and loss of function of microglia leads to BBB disruption ultimately resulting in BM. Various therapeutic strategies are currently used to control the BM in BC. Oncolytic virus therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, mTOR-PI3k inhibitors and immunotherapy have been developed to target various genes involved in BM in BC. In addition, RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR/Cas9 are novel interventions in the field of BCBM where research to validate these and clinical trials are being carried out. Gaining a better knowledge of metastasis biology is critical for establishing better treatment methods and attaining long-term therapeutic efficacies against BC. The current review has been compiled with an aim to evaluate the role of various genes and signaling pathways involved in multiple steps of BM in BC. The therapeutic strategies being used currently and the novel ones being explored to control BM in BC have also been discussed at length. � 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Federaci�n de Sociedades Espa�olas de Oncolog�a (FESEO).
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    Genetic variations in tumor-suppressor miRNA-encoding genes and their target genes: focus on breast cancer development and possible therapeutic strategies
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023-04-24T00:00:00) Chhichholiya, Yogita; Singh, Harsh Vikram; Singh, Sandeep; Munshi, Anjana
    MicroRNAs (miRNAs) negatively affect gene expression by binding to their specific mRNAs resulting in either mRNA destruction or translational repression. The aberrant expression of various miRNAs has been associated with a number of human cancer. Oncogenic or tumor-suppressor miRNAs regulate a variety of pathways involved in the development of breast cancer (BC), including cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, cancer recurrence, and chemoresistance. Variations in miRNA-encoding genes and their target genes lead to dysregulated gene expression resulting in the development and progression of BC. The various therapeutic approaches to treat the disease include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgical removal, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted biological therapy. The purpose of the current review is to explore the genetic variations in tumor-suppressor miRNA-encoding genes and their target genes in association with the disease development and prognosis. The therapeutic interventions targeting the variants for better disease outcomes have also been discussed. � 2023, This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.
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    The genomic architecture of metastasis in breast cancer: focus on mechanistic aspects, signalling pathways and therapeutic strategies
    (Springer, 2021-07-16T00:00:00) Chhichholiya, Yogita; Suman, Prabhat; Singh, Sandeep; Munshi, Anjana
    Breast cancer is a multifactorial, heterogeneous disease and the second most frequent cancer amongst women worldwide. Metastasis is one of the most leading causes of death in these patients. Early-stage or locally advanced breast cancer is limited to the breast or nearby lymph nodes. When breast cancer spreads to farther tissues/organs from its original site, it is referred to as metastatic or stage IV breast cancer. Normal breast development is regulated by specific genes and signalling pathways controlling cell proliferation, cell death, cell differentiation and cell motility. Dysregulation of genes involved in various signalling pathways not only leads to the formation of primary tumour but also to the metastasis as well. The metastatic cascade is represented by a multi-step process including invasion of the local tumour cell followed by its entry into the vasculature, exit of malignant cells from the circulation and ultimately their colonization at the distant sites. These stages are referred to as formation of primary tumour, angiogenesis, invasion, intravasation and extravasation, respectively. The major sites of metastasis of breast cancer are the lymph nodes, bone, brain and lung. Only about 28% five-year survival rate has been reported for stage IV breast cancer. Metastasis is a serious concern for breast cancer and therefore, various therapeutic strategies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been developed to target specific dysregulated genes and various signalling pathways involved in different steps of metastasis. In addition, other therapies like hyperbaric oxygen therapy, RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9 are also being explored as novel strategies to cure the stage IV/metastatic breast cancer. Therefore, the current review has been compiled with an aim to evaluate the genetic basis of stage IV breast cancer with a focus on the molecular mechanisms. In addition, the therapeutic strategies targeting these dysregulated genes involved in various signalling pathways have also been discussed. Genome editing technologies that can target specific genes in the affected areas by making knock-in and knock-out alternations and thereby bring significant treatment outcomes in breast cancer have also been summarized. � 2021, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
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    Oncogenic metabolic reprogramming in breast cancer: focus on signaling pathways and mitochondrial genes
    (Springer, 2023-05-11T00:00:00) Malayil, Rhuthuparna; Chhichholiya, Yogita; Vasudeva, Kanika; Singh, Harsh Vikram; Singh, Tashvinder; Singh, Sandeep; Munshi, Anjana
    Oncogenic metabolic reprogramming impacts the abundance of key metabolites that regulate signaling and epigenetics. Metabolic vulnerability in the cancer cell is evident from the Warburg effect. The research on metabolism in the progression and survival of breast cancer (BC) is under focus. Oncogenic signal activation and loss of�tumor suppressor are important regulators of tumor cell metabolism. Several intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to metabolic reprogramming. The molecular mechanisms underpinning metabolic reprogramming in BC are extensive and only partially defined. Various signaling pathways involved in the metabolism play a significant role in the modulation of BC. Notably, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, lactate-ERK/STAT3 signaling, loss of the tumor suppressor Ras, Myc, oxidative stress, activation of the cellular hypoxic response and acidosis contribute to different metabolic reprogramming phenotypes linked to enhanced glycolysis. The alterations in mitochondrial genes have also been elaborated upon along with their functional implications. The outcome of these active research areas might contribute to the development of novel therapeutic interventions and the remodeling of known�drugs. � 2023, This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.
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    SNPs in miRNAs and Target Sequences: Role in Cancer and Diabetes
    (Frontiers Media S.A., 2021-12-02T00:00:00) Chhichholiya, Yogita; Suryan, Aman Kumar; Suman, Prabhat; Munshi, Anjana; Singh, Sandeep
    miRNAs are fascinating molecular players for gene regulation as individual miRNA can control multiple targets and a single target can be regulated by multiple miRNAs. Loss of miRNA regulated gene expression is often reported to be implicated in various human diseases like diabetes and cancer. Recently, geneticists across the world started reporting single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in seed sequences of miRNAs. Similarly, SNPs are also reported in various target sequences of these miRNAs. Both the scenarios lead to dysregulated gene expression which may result in the progression of diseases. In the present paper, we explore SNPs in various miRNAs and their target sequences reported in various human cancers as well as diabetes. Similarly, we also present evidence of these mutations in various other human diseases. Copyright � 2021 Chhichholiya, Suryan, Suman, Munshi and Singh.