Browsing by Author "Kumar, N."

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A chromatin modifier integrates insulin/IGF-1 signalling and dietary restriction to regulate longevity
(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2016) Singh, A.; Kumar, N.; Matai, L.; Jain, V.; Garg, A.; Mukhopadhyay, A.
Insulin/IGF-1-like signalling (IIS) and dietary restriction (DR) are the two major modulatory pathways controlling longevity across species. Here, we show that both pathways license a common chromatin modifier, ZFP-1/AF10. The downstream transcription factors of the IIS and select DR pathways, DAF-16/FOXO or PHA-4/FOXA, respectively, both transcriptionally regulate the expression of zfp-1. ZFP-1, in turn, negatively regulates the expression of DAF-16/FOXO and PHA-4/FOXA target genes, apparently forming feed-forward loops that control the amplitude as well as the duration of gene expression. We show that ZFP-1 mediates this regulation by negatively influencing the recruitment of DAF-16/FOXO and PHA-4/FOXA to their target promoters. Consequently, zfp-1 is required for the enhanced longevity observed during DR and on knockdown of IIS. Our data reveal how two distinct sensor pathways control an overlapping set of genes, using different downstream transcription factors, integrating potentially diverse and temporally distinct nutritional situations. ? 2016 The Authors. Aging Cell published by the Anatomical Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Computational investigation of binding mechanism of substituted pyrazinones targeting corticotropin releasing factor-1 receptor deliberated for anti-depressant drug design
(Taylor and Francis, 2019) Shekhar, M.S; Venkatachalam, T; Sharma, C.S; Pratap, Singh, H; Kalra, Sourav; Kumar, N.
In spite of various research investigations towards anti-depressant drug discovery program, no one drug has not yet launched last 20 years. Corticotropin-releasing factor-1 (CRF-1) is one of the most validated targets for the development of antagonists against depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorders. Various research studies suggest that pyrazinone based CRF-1 receptor antagonists were found to be highly potent and efficacious. In this research investigation, we identified the pharmacophore and binding pattern through 2D and 3D-QSAR and molecular docking respectively. Molecular dynamics studies were also performed to explore the binding pattern recognition. We establish the relationship between activity and pharmacophoric features to design new potent compounds. The best 2D-QSAR model was generated through multiple linear regression method with r2 value of 0.97 and q2 value of 0.89. Also 3D-QSAR model was obtained through k-nearest neighbor molecular field analysis method with q2 value of 0.52 and q2_se value of 0.36. Molecular docking and binding energy were also evaluated to define binding patterns and pharmacophoric groups, including (i) hydrogen bond with residue Asp284, Glu305 and (ii) π–π stacking with residue Trp9. Compound 11i has the highest binding affinity compared to reference compounds, so this compound could be a potent drug for stress related disorders. Most of the compounds, including reference compounds were found within acceptable range of physicochemical parameters. These observations could be provided the leads for the design and optimization of novel CRF-1 receptor antagonists. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Genome-wide endogenous DAF-16/FOXO recruitment dynamics during lowered insulin signalling in C. elegans
(Impact Journals LLC, 2015) Kumar, N.; Jain, V.; Singh, A.; Jagtap, U.; Verma, S.; Mukhopadhyay, A.
Lowering insulin-IGF-1-like signalling (IIS) activates FOXO transcription factors (TF) to extend life span across species. To study the dynamics of FOXO chromatin occupancy under this condition in C. elegans, we report the first recruitment profile of endogenous DAF-16 and show that the response is conserved. DAF-16 predominantly acts as a transcriptional activator and binding within the 0.5 kb promoter-proximal region results in maximum induction of downstream targets that code for proteins involved in detoxification and longevity. Interestingly, genes that are activated under low IIS already have higher DAF-16 recruited to their promoters in WT. DAF- 16 binds to variants of the FOXO consensus sequence in the promoter proximal regions of genes that are exclusively targeted during low IIS. We also define a set of 'core' direct targets, after comparing multiple studies, which tend to co-express and contribute robustly towards IIS-associated phenotypes. Additionally, we show that nuclear hormone receptor DAF-12 as well as zinc-finger TF EOR-1 may bind DNA in close proximity to DAF-16 and distinct TF classes that are direct targets of DAF-16 may be instrumental in regulating its indirect targets. Together, our study provides fundamental insights into the transcriptional biology of FOXO/DAF-16 and gene regulation downstream of the IIS pathway.
In silico binding mechanism prediction of benzimidazole based corticotropin releasing factor-1 receptor antagonists by quantitative structure activity relationship, molecular docking and pharmacokinetic parameters calculation
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2018) Kumar, N.; Mishra, S.S.; Sharma, C.S.; Singh, H.P.; Kalra, S.
Despite the various research efforts toward the treatment of stress-related disorders, the drug has not yet launched last 20?years. Corticotropin releasing factor-1 receptor antagonists have been point of great interest in stress-related disorders. In the present study, we have selected benzazole scaffold-based compounds as corticotropin releasing factor-1 antagonists and performed 2D and 3D QSAR studies to identify the structural features to elucidating the binding mechanism prediction. The best 2D QSAR model was obtained through multiple linear regression method with r2 value of.7390, q2 value of.5136 and pred_r2 (predicted square correlation coefficient) value of.88. The contribution of 2D descriptor, T_2_C_1 was 60% (negative contribution) and 4pathClusterCount was 40.24% (positive contribution) in enhancing the activity. Also 3D QSAR model was statistically significant with q2 value of.9419 and q2_se (standard error of internal validation) value of.19. Statistical parameters results prove the robustness and significance of both models. Further, molecular docking and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to explore the scope of investigation. Docking results revealed that the all benzazole compounds show hydrogen bonding with residue Asn283 and having same hydrophobic pocket (Phe286, Leu213, Ile290, Leu287, Phe207, Arg165, Leu323, Tyr327, Phe284, and Met206). Compound B14 has higher activity compare to reference molecules. Most of the compounds were found within acceptable range for pharmacokinetic parameters. This work provides the extremely useful leads for structural substituents essential for benzimidazole moiety to exhibit antagonistic activity against corticotropin releasing factor-1 receptors. ? 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980�2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020, Release 1
(Elsevier B.V., 2021-07-21T00:00:00) Galles, Natalie C; Liu, Patrick Y; Updike, Rachel L; Fullman, Nancy; Nguyen, Jason; Rolfe, Sam; Sbarra, Alyssa N; Schipp, Megan F; Marks, Ashley; Abady, Gdiom Gebreheat; Abbas, Kaja M; Abbasi, Sumra Wajid; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abdoli, Amir; Abolhassani, Hassan; Abosetugn, Akine Eshete; Adabi, Maryam; Adamu, Abdu A; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O; Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah; Advani, Shailesh M; Afzal, Saira; Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem; Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku; Ahmad, Sohail; Ahmad, Tauseef; Ahmadi, Sepideh; Ahmed, Haroon; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Ahmed Rashid, Tarik; Ahmed Salih, Yusra; Akalu, Yonas; Aklilu, Addis; Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet; Al Hamad, Hanadi; Alahdab, Fares; Albano, Luciana; Alemayehu, Yosef; Alene, Kefyalew Addis; Al-Eyadhy, Ayman; Alhassan, Robert Kaba; Ali, Liaqat; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Almustanyir, Sami; Altirkawi, Khalid A; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Amu, Hubert; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Andrei, Tudorel; Ansar, Adnan; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza; Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo; Antony, Benny; Arabloo, Jalal; Arab-Zozani, Morteza; Artanti, Kurnia Dwi; Arulappan, Judie; Awan, Asma Tahir; Awoke, Mamaru Ayenew; Ayza, Muluken Altaye; Azarian, Ghasem; Azzam, Ahmed Y; B, Darshan B; Babar, Zaheer-Ud-Din; Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar; Banach, Maciej; Bante, Simachew Animen; B�rnighausen, Till Winfried; Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat; Barrow, Amadou; Bassat, Quique; Bayarmagnai, Narantuya; Bejarano Ramirez, Diana Fernanda; Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye; Belay, Habtamu Gebrehana; Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhandari, Dinesh; Bhardwaj, Nikha; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhaskar, Sonu; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bibi, Sadia; Bijani, Ali; Biondi, Antonio; Boloor, Archith; Braithwaite, Dejana; Buonsenso, Danilo; Butt, Zahid A; Camargos, Paulo; Carreras, Giulia; Carvalho, Felix; Casta�eda-Orjuela, Carlos A; Chakinala, Raja Chandra; Charan, Jaykaran; Chatterjee, Souranshu; Chattu, Soosanna Kumary; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chowdhury, Fazle Rabbi; Christopher, Devasahayam J; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Chung, Sheng-Chia; Cortesi, Paolo Angelo; Costa, Vera Marisa; Couto, Rosa A S; Dadras, Omid; Dagnew, Amare Belachew; Dagnew, Baye; Dai, Xiaochen; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; De Neve, Jan-Walter; Derbew Molla, Meseret; Derseh, Behailu Tariku; Desai, Rupak; Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu; Dhamnetiya, Deepak; Dhimal, Mandira Lamichhane; Dhimal, Meghnath; Dianatinasab, Mostafa; Diaz, Daniel; Djalalinia, Shirin; Dorostkar, Fariba; Edem, Bassey; Edinur, Hisham Atan; Eftekharzadeh, Sahar; El Sayed, Iman; El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa; Elhadi, Muhammed; El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I; Elsharkawy, Aisha; Enany, Shymaa; Erkhembayar, Ryenchindorj; Esezobor, Christopher Imokhuede; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Ezeonwumelu, Ifeanyi Jude; Ezzikouri, Sayeh; Fares, Jawad; Faris, Pawan Sirwan; Feleke, Berhanu Elfu; Ferede, Tomas Y; Fernandes, Eduarda; Fernandes, Jo�o C; Ferrara, Pietro; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Francis, Mark Rohit; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Gad, Mohamed M; Gaidhane, Shilpa; Gallus, Silvano; Garg, Tushar; Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle; Gebre, Teshome; Gebregiorgis, Birhan Gebresillassie; Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork; Gebremichael, Berhe; Gessner, Bradford D; Ghadiri, Keyghobad; Ghafourifard, Mansour; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Gilani, Syed Amir; Gl?van, Ionela-Roxana; Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna; Golechha, Mahaveer; Gonfa, Kebebe Bekele; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Goudarzi, Houman; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Veer Bala; Gupta, Vivek Kumar; Guti�rrez, Reyna Alma; Haeuser, Emily; Halwani, Rabih; Hamidi, Samer; Hanif, Asif; Haque, Shafiul; Harapan, Harapan; Hargono, Arief; Hashi, Abdiwahab; Hassan, Shoaib; Hassanein, Mohamed H; Hassanipour, Soheil; Hassankhani, Hadi; Hay, Simon I; Hayat, Khezar; Hegazy, Mohamed I; Heidari, Golnaz; Hezam, Kamal; Holla, Ramesh; Hoque, Mohammad Enamul; Hosseini, Mostafa; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Househ, Mowafa; Hsieh, Vivian Chia-rong; Huang, Junjie; Humayun, Ayesha; Hussain, Rabia; Hussein, Nawfal R; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ilic, Irena M; Ilic, Milena D; Inamdar, Sumant; Iqbal, Usman; Irham, Lalu Muhammad; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah; Itumalla, Ramaiah; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Joukar, Farahnaz; Kabir, Ali; Kabir, Zubair; Kalhor, Rohollah; Kamal, Zul; Kamande, Stanley M; Kandel, Himal; Karch, Andr�; Kassahun, Getinet; Kassebaum, Nicholas J; Katoto, Patrick DMC; Kelkay, Bayew; Kengne, Andre Pascal; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khajuria, Himanshu; Khalil, Ibrahim A; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khan, Gulfaraz; Khan, Junaid; Khan, Maseer Adnan; Khan, Moien AB; Khang, Young-Ho; Khoja, Abdullah T; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Kim, Gyu Ri; Kim, Min Seo; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich; Kosen, Soewarta; Kuate Defo, Barthelemy; Kulkarni, Vaman; Kumar, Avinash; Kumar, G Anil; Kumar, Nithin; Kwarteng, Alexander; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lami, Faris Hasan; Landires, Iv�n; Lasrado, Savita; Lassi, Zohra S; Lee, Hankil; Lee, Yeong Yeh; Levi, Miriam; Lewycka, Sonia; Li, Shanshan; Liu, Xuefeng; Lobo, Stany W; Lopukhov, Platon D; Lozano, Rafael; Lutzky Saute, Ricardo; Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed; Makki, Alaa; Malik, Ahmad Azam; Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerl�ndio; Matthews, Philippa C; Medina, John Robert Carabeo; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G; Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku; Meretoja, Tuomo J; Mersha, Amanual Getnet; Mesregah, Mohamed Kamal; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Milne, George J; Mirica, Andreea; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M; Mirzaei, Hamid Reza; Misra, Sanjeev; Mithra, Prasanna; Moghadaszadeh, Masoud; Mohamed, Teroj Abdulrahman; Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin; Mohammad, Yousef; Mohammadi, Mokhtar; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammed, Arif; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mohapatra, Archisman; Mokdad, Ali H; Molokhia, Mariam; Monasta, Lorenzo; Moni, Mohammad Ali; Montasir, Ahmed Al; Moore, Catrin E; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah; Moraga, Paula; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Munro, Sandra B; Naghavi, Mohsen; Naimzada, Mukhammad David; Naveed, Muhammad; Nayak, Biswa Prakash; Negoi, Ionut; Neupane Kandel, Sandhya; Nguyen, Trang Huyen; Nikbakhsh, Rajan; Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini; Nixon, Molly R; Nnaji, Chukwudi A; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nu�ez-Samudio, Virginia; Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka; Oancea, Bogdan; Ochir, Chimedsuren; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Olagunju, Andrew T; Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun; Onwujekwe, Obinna E; Otstavnov, Nikita; Otstavnov, Stanislav S; Owolabi, Mayowa O; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Pakshir, Keyvan; Park, Eun-Cheol; Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh; Pathak, Mona; Paudel, Rajan; Pawar, Shrikant; Pereira, Jeevan; Peres, Mario F P; Perianayagam, Arokiasamy; Pinheiro, Marina; Pirestani, Majid; Podder, Vivek; Polibin, Roman V; Pollok, Richard Charles G; Postma, Maarten J; Pottoo, Faheem Hyder; Rabiee, Mohammad; Rabiee, Navid; Radfar, Amir; Rafiei, Alireza; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahman, Mosiur; Rahmani, Amir Masoud; Rahmawaty, Setyaningrum; Rajesh, Aashish; Ramshaw, Rebecca E; Ranasinghe, Priyanga; Rao, Chythra R; Rao, Sowmya J; Rathi, Priya; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Renzaho, Andre M N; Rezaei, Negar; Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh; Rios-Blancas, Maria; Rogowski, Emma L B; Ronfani, Luca; Rwegerera, Godfrey M; Saad, Anas M; Sabour, Siamak; Saddik, Basema; Saeb, Mohammad Reza; Saeed, Umar; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahraian, Mohammad Ali; Salam, Nasir; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Samaei, Mehrnoosh; Samy, Abdallah M; Sanabria, Juan; Sanmarchi, Francesco; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M; Sartorius, Benn; Sarveazad, Arash; Sathian, Brijesh; Sawhney, Monika; Saxena, Deepak; Saxena, Sonia; Seidu, Abdul-Aziz; Seylani, Allen; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shamsizadeh, Morteza; Shetty, Pavanchand H; Shigematsu, Mika; Shin, Jae Il; Sidemo, Negussie Boti; Singh, Ambrish; Singh, Jasvinder A; Sinha, Smriti; Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich; Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna; Soheili, Amin; Tadesse, Eyayou Girma; Tamiru, Animut Tagele; Tan, Ker-Kan; Tekalegn, Yohannes; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Thakur, Bhaskar; Thapar, Rekha; Thavamani, Aravind; Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan; Tohidinik, Hamid Reza; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Traini, Eugenio; Tran, Bach Xuan; Tripathi, Manjari; Tsegaye, Berhan; Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie; Ullah, Anayat; Ullah, Saif; Ullah, Sana; Unim, Brigid; Vacante, Marco; Velazquez, Diana Zuleika; Vo, Bay; Vollmer, Sebastian; Vu, Giang Thu; Vu, Linh Gia; Waheed, Yasir; Winkler, Andrea Sylvia; Wiysonge, Charles Shey; Yi?it, Vahit; Yirdaw, Birhanu Wubale; Yon, Dong Keon; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Yu, Chuanhua; Yuce, Deniz; Yunusa, Ismaeel; Zamani, Mohammad; Zamanian, Maryam; Zewdie, Dejene Tesfaye; Zhang, Zhi-Jiang; Zhong, Chenwen; Zumla, Alimuddin; Murray, Christopher J L; Lim, Stephen S; Mosser, Jonathan F; Nguyen, J.; Marks, A.; Dandona, L.; Dandona, R.; Kassebaum, N.J.; Naghavi, M.; Nixon, M.R.; Murray, C.J.L.; Lim, S.S.; Mosser, J.F.; Dandona, R.; Hay, S.I.; Kassebaum, N.J.; Naghavi, M.; Murray, C.J.L.; Lim, S.S.; Kassebaum, N.J.; Khalil, I.A.; Katoto, P.D.; Ali, L.; Ullah, A.; Hosseini, M.; Moradi, G.; Elsharkawy, A.; Abolhassani, H.; Nnaji, C.A.; Ahmad, S.; Ahmad, T.; Dagnew, A.B.; Sabour, S.; Ahmed, H.; Ahmed, M.B.; Saxena, D.; Dagnew, B.; Desta, A.A.; Tamiru, A.T.; Mersha, A.G.; Aklilu, A.; Alemayehu, Y.; Sathian, B.; Albano, L.; Al-Eyadhy, A.; Altirkawi, K.A.; Temsah, M.; Mohammad, Y.; Alhassan, R.K.; Amu, H.; Aljunid, S.M.; Aljunid, S.M.; Andrei, C.; Hostiuc, M.; Negoi, I.; Andrei, T.; Gl?van, I.; Mirica, A.; Ansar, A.; Antonazzo, I.; Ferrara, P.; Cortesi, P.A.; Mantovani, L.G.; Chowdhury, F.R.; Singh Mtech, A.; Arabloo, J.; Ghashghaee, A.; Ghashghaee, A.; Sarveazad, A.; Artanti, K.D.; Awan, A.T.; Rathi, P.; Babar, Z.; Gebremichael, B.; Zamani, M.; Barrow, A.; Barrow, A.; Tadesse, E.G.; Hosseini, M.; Bassat, Q.; Kulkarni, V.; Kumar, N.; Mithra, P.; Saxena, D.; Ilesanmi, O.S.; Belgaumi, U.I.; Lassi, Z.S.; Shin, J.; Misra, S.; Bhattacharyya, K.; Bhattacharyya, K.; Bibi, S.; Ullah, S.; Boloor, A.; Owolabi, M.O.; Sinha, S.; Braithwaite, D.; Braithwaite, D.; Buonsenso, D.; Buonsenso, D.; Awan, A.T.; Mengesha, E.W.; Tsegaye, G.W.; De Neve, J.; Pottoo, F.H.; Camargos, P.; Couto, R.A.S.; Pinheiro, M.; Chakinala, R.; Chatterjee, S.; Chattu, S.; Chattu, V.; Chattu, V.; Bill, I.; Chu, D.; Chung, S.; Chung, S.; Dandona, L.; Dandona, R.; Ansar, A.; Kumar, G.; Dandona, L.; Desai, R.; Dhimal, M.L.; Dhimal, M.L.; Dhimal, M.; Diaz, D.; Diaz, D.; Velazquez, D.Z.; Eftekharzadeh, S.; El Sayed, I.; El Sayed Zaki, M.; Elhadi, M.; Enany, S.; Erkhembayar, R.; Esezobor, C.I.; Olagunju, A.T.; Esezobor, C.I.; Fares, J.; Faris, P.S.; Faris, P.S.; Tsegaye, B.; Filip, I.; Filip, I.; Fischer, F.; Francis, M.R.; Francis, M.R.; Fukumoto, T.; Gad, M.M.; Hassanein, M.H.; Liu, X.; Saad, A.M.; Gad, M.M.; Garg, T.; Tekalegn, Y.; Mohammed, S.; Gebre, T.; Gebremedhin, K.B.; Gessner, B.D.; Gessner, B.D.; Ghadiri, K.; Ghadiri, K.; Ghafourifard, M.; Moghadaszadeh, M.; Gilani, S.; Malik, A.A.; Gilani, S.; Glushkova, E.V.; Korshunov, V.A.; Lopukhov, P.D.; Golechha, M.; Gopalani, S.V.; Gopalani, S.V.; Goudarzi, H.; Ahmed, M.B.; Goudarzi, H.; Gubari, M.I.M.; Guo, Y.; Li, S.; Guo, Y.; Gupta, V.; Gupta, V.K.; Guti�rrez, R.A.; Hargono Dr, A.; Hassan, S.; Hassan, S.; Hassanipour, S.; Hayat, K.; Hayat, K.; Heidari, G.; Islam, S.; Hsieh, V.; Huang, J.; Zhong, C.; Humayun, A.; Hussain, R.; Hussein, N.R.; Ibitoye, S.E.; Ilesanmi, O.S.; Makki, A.; Noubiap, J.; Santric-Milicevic, M.M.; Santric-Milicevic, M.M.; Inamdar, S.; Iqbal, U.; Irham, L.M.; Ningrum, D.N.A.; Irvani, S.N.; Islam, S.; Kalhor, R.; Kalhor, R.; Kamal, Z.; Kamal, Z.; Karch, A.; Katoto, P.D.; Nnaji, C.A.; Khan, J.; Khoja, A.T.; Khubchandani, J.; Khoja, A.T.; Kim, G.; Kim, M.; Kim, M.; Kim, Y.; Kimokoti, R.W.; Kosen, S.; Kumar, A.; Kwarteng, A.; La Vecchia, C.; Landires, I.; Nu�ez-Samudio, V.; Nu�ez-Samudio, V.; Landires, I.; Lasrado, S.; Levi, M.; Levi, M.; Matthews, P.C.; Moore, C.E.; Liu, X.; Sanabria, J.; Lobo, S.W.; Lobo, S.W.; Malik, A.A.; Mantovani, L.G.; Matthews, P.C.; Medina, J.C.; Medina, J.C.; Mendoza, W.; Menezes, R.G.; Meretoja, T.J.; Meretoja, T.J.; Meretoja, T.J.; Mersha, A.G.; Mesregah, M.K.; Mestrovic, T.; Mestrovic, T.; Milne, G.J.; Mohammad, K.A.; Mohammadi, M.; Mohammed, A.; Mohammed, S.; Mohapatra, A.; Molokhia, M.; Traini, E.; Moradi, G.; Mirzaei, H.; Zamanian, M.; Moraga, P.; Mueller, U.O.; Mueller, U.O.; Munro, S.B.; Naimzada, M.; Naveed, M.; Negoi, I.; Nguyen, T.H.; Vu, L.G.; Nguyen, T.H.; Vu, L.G.; Ningrum, D.N.A.; Ogbo, F.A.; Olagunju, A.T.; Olakunde, B.O.; Onwujekwe, O.E.; Pathak, M.; Pawar, S.; Pereira, J.; Peres, M.F.P.; Peres, M.F.P.; Pirestani, M.; Pollok, R.C.G.; Postma, M.J.; Postma, M.J.; Rabiee, M.; Rezai, M.; Rahman, M.; Rahmawaty, S.; Rajesh, A.; Ranasinghe, P.; Rawaf, D.L.; Rawaf, S.; Rawaf, D.L.; Rawaf, S.; Rwegerera, G.M.; Saeb, M.; Saeed, U.; Saeed, U.; Salam, N.; Samaei, M.; Sanabria, J.; Sanmarchi, F.; Sathian, B.; Sawhney, M.; Seidu, A.; Seidu, A.; Shaikh, M.A.; Shigematsu, M.; Soheili, A.; Tan, K.; Thakur, B.; Traini, E.; Tripathi, M.; Ullah, S.; Ullah, S.; Vo, B.; Vu, G.T.; Winkler, A.S.; Winkler, A.S.; Yu, C.; Yuce, D.
Background: Measuring routine childhood vaccination is crucial to inform global vaccine policies and programme implementation, and to track progress towards targets set by the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) and Immunization Agenda 2030. Robust estimates of routine vaccine coverage are needed to identify past successes and persistent vulnerabilities. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020, Release 1, we did a systematic analysis of global, regional, and national vaccine coverage trends using a statistical framework, by vaccine and over time. Methods: For this analysis we collated 55 326 country-specific, cohort-specific, year-specific, vaccine-specific, and dose-specific observations of routine childhood vaccination coverage between 1980 and 2019. Using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, we produced location-specific and year-specific estimates of 11 routine childhood vaccine coverage indicators for 204 countries and territories from 1980 to 2019, adjusting for biases in country-reported data and reflecting reported stockouts and supply disruptions. We analysed global and regional trends in coverage and numbers of zero-dose children (defined as those who never received a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis [DTP] vaccine dose), progress towards GVAP targets, and the relationship between vaccine coverage and sociodemographic development. Findings: By 2019, global coverage of third-dose DTP (DTP3; 81�6% [95% uncertainty interval 80�4�82�7]) more than doubled from levels estimated in 1980 (39�9% [37�5�42�1]), as did global coverage of the first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1; from 38�5% [35�4�41�3] in 1980 to 83�6% [82�3�84�8] in 2019). Third-dose polio vaccine (Pol3) coverage also increased, from 42�6% (41�4�44�1) in 1980 to 79�8% (78�4�81�1) in 2019, and global coverage of newer vaccines increased rapidly between 2000 and 2019. The global number of zero-dose children fell by nearly 75% between 1980 and 2019, from 56�8 million (52�6�60�9) to 14�5 million (13�4�15�9). However, over the past decade, global vaccine coverage broadly plateaued; 94 countries and territories recorded decreasing DTP3 coverage since 2010. Only 11 countries and territories were estimated to have reached the national GVAP target of at least 90% coverage for all assessed vaccines in 2019. Interpretation: After achieving large gains in childhood vaccine coverage worldwide, in much of the world this progress was stalled or reversed from 2010 to 2019. These findings underscore the importance of revisiting routine immunisation strategies and programmatic approaches, recentring service delivery around equity and underserved populations. Strengthening vaccine data and monitoring systems is crucial to these pursuits, now and through to 2030, to ensure that all children have access to, and can benefit from, lifesaving vaccines. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. � 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license