Browsing by Author "Majeed, Azeem"

Filter results by typing the first few letters
Now showing 1 - 3 of 3
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
    (Elsevier B.V., 2023-06-23T00:00:00) Ong, Kanyin Liane; Stafford, Lauryn K.; McLaughlin, Susan A.; Boyko, Edward J.; Vollset, Stein Emil; Smith, Amanda E.; Dalton, Bronte E.; Duprey, Joe; Cruz, Jessica A.; Hagins, Hailey; Lindstedt, Paulina A.; Aali, Amirali; Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis; Abate, Melsew Dagne; Abbasian, Mohammadreza; Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; ElHafeez, Samar Abd; Abd-Rabu, Rami; Abdulah, Deldar Morad; Abdullah, Abu Yousuf Md; Abedi, Vida; Abidi, Hassan; Aboagye, Richard Gyan; Abolhassani, Hassan; Abu-Gharbieh, Eman; Abu-Zaid, Ahmed; Adane, Tigist Demssew; Adane, Denberu Eshetie; Addo, Isaac Yeboah; Adegboye, Oyelola A.; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adepoju, Abiola Victor; Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah; Afolabi, Rotimi Felix; Agarwal, Gina; Aghdam, Zahra Babaei; Agudelo-Botero, Marcela; Arriagada, Constanza Elizabeth Aguilera; Agyemang-Duah, Williams; Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku; Ahmad, Danish; Ahmad, Rizwan; Ahmad, Sajjad; Ahmad, Aqeel; Ahmadi, Ali; Ahmadi, Keivan; Ahmed, Ayman; Ahmed, Ali; Ahmed, Luai A.; Ahmed, Syed Anees; Ajami, Marjan; Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola; Al Hamad, Hanadi; Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz; AL-Ahdal, Tareq Mohammed Ali; Alalwan, Tariq A.; Al-Aly, Ziyad; AlBataineh, Mohammad T.; Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth; Alemi, Sharifullah; Ali, Hassam; Alinia, Tahereh; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Almustanyir, Sami; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M.; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Amare, Firehiwot; Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena; Amiri, Sohrab; Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Anjana, Ranjit Mohan; Ansar, Adnan; Ansari, Golnoosh; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza; Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward; Arabloo, Jalal; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.; Areda, Demelash; Arifin, Hidayat; Arkew, Mesay; Armocida, Benedetta; Arnlov, Johan; Artamonov, Anton A.; Arulappan, Judie; Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo; Arumugam, Ashokan; Aryan, Zahra; Asemu, Mulu Tiruneh; Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad; Askari, Elaheh; Asmelash, Daniel; Astell-Burt, Thomas; Athar, Mohammad; Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin; Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi; Avila-Burgos, Leticia; Awaisu, Ahmed; Azadnajafabad, Sina; Darshan, B.B.; Babamohamadi, Hassan; Badar, Muhammad; Badawi, Alaa; Badiye, Ashish D.; Baghcheghi, Nayereh; Bagheri, Nasser; Bagherieh, Sara; Bah, Sulaiman; Bahadory, Saeed; Bai, Ruhai; Baig, Atif Amin; Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin; Baradaran, Hamid Reza; Barchitta, Martina; Bardhan, Mainak; Barengo, Noel C.; Barnighausen, Till Winfried; Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara; Barone-Adesi, Francesco; Barrow, Amadou; Bashiri, Hamideh; Basiru, Afisu; Basu, Sanjay; Basu, Saurav; Batiha, Abdul-Monim Mohammad; Batra, Kavita; Bayih, Mulat Tirfie; Bayileyegn, Nebiyou Simegnew; Behnoush, Amir Hossein; Bekele, Alehegn Bekele; Belete, Melaku Ashagrie; Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal; Belo, Luis; Bennett, Derrick A.; Bensenor, Isabela M.; Berhe, Kidanemaryam; Berhie, Alemshet Yirga; Bhaskar, Sonu; Bhat, Ajay Nagesh; Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh; Bikbov, Boris; Bilal, Faiq; Bintoro, Bagas Suryo; Bitaraf, Saeid; Bitra, Veera R.; Bjegovic-Mikanovic, Vesna; Bodolica, Virginia; Boloor, Archith; Brauer, Michael; Brazo-Sayavera, Javier; Brenner, Hermann; Butt, Zahid A.; Calina, Daniela; Campos, Luciana Aparecida; Campos-Nonato, Ismael R.; Cao, Yin; Cao, Chao; Car, Josip; Carvalho, Marcia; Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.; Catala-Lopez, Ferran; Cerin, Ester; Chadwick, Joshua; Chandrasekar, Eeshwar K.; Chanie, Gashaw Sisay; Charan, Jaykaran; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chauhan, Kirti; Cheema, Huzaifa Ahmad; Abebe, Endeshaw Chekol; Chen, Simiao; Cherbuin, Nicolas; Chichagi, Fatemeh; Chidambaram, Saravana Babu; Cho, William C. S.; Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan; Chowdhury, Rajiv; Chowdhury, Enayet Karim; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Chukwu, Isaac Sunday; Chung, Sheng-Chia; Coberly, Kaleb; Columbus, Alyssa; Contreras, Daniela; Cousin, Ewerton; Criqui, Michael H.; Cruz-Martins, Natalia; Cuschieri, Sarah; Dabo, Bashir; Dadras, Omid; Dai, Xiaochen; Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura; Dandona, Rakhi; Dandona, Lalit; Das, Saswati; Dascalu, Ana Maria; Dash, Nihar Ranjan; Dashti, Mohsen; Davila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto; De la Cruz-Gongora, Vanessa; Debele, Gebiso Roba; Delpasand, Kourosh; Demisse, Fitsum Wolde; Demissie, Getu Debalkie; Deng, Xinlei; Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar; Deo, Salil V.; Dervi�evi?, Emina; Desai, Hardik Dineshbhai; Desale, Aragaw Tesfaw; Dessie, Anteneh Mengist; Desta, Fikreab; Dewan, Syed Masudur Rahman; Dey, Sourav; Dhama, Kuldeep; Dhimal, Meghnath; Diao, Nancy; Diaz, Daniel; Dinu, Monica; Diress, Mengistie; Djalalinia, Shirin; Doan, Linh Phuong; Dongarwar, Deepa; dos Santos Figueiredo, Francisco Winter; Duncan, Bruce B.; Dutta, Siddhartha; Dziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian; Edinur, Hisham Atan; Ekholuenetale, Michael; Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus; Elgendy, Islam Y.; Elhadi, Muhammed; El-Huneidi, Waseem; Elmeligy, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou; Elmonem, Mohamed A.; Endeshaw, Destaw; Esayas, Hawi Leul; Eshetu, Habitu Birhan; Etaee, Farshid; Fadhil, Ibtihal; Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis; Fahim, Ayesha; Falahi, Shahab; Faris, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud; Farrokhpour, Hossein; Farzadfar, Farshad; Fatehizadeh, Ali; Fazli, Ghazal; Feng, Xiaoqi; Ferede, Tomas Y.; Fischer, Florian; Flood, David; Forouhari, Ali; Foroumadi, Roham; Koudehi, Masoumeh Foroutan; Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji; Gaihre, Santosh; Gaipov, Abduzhappar; Galali, Yaseen; Ganesan, Balasankar; Garcia-Gordillo, M.A.; Gautam, Rupesh K.; Gebrehiwot, Mesfin; Gebrekidan, Kahsu Gebrekirstos; Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru; Getacher, Lemma; Ghadirian, Fataneh; Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi; Nour, Mohammad Ghasemi; Ghassemi, Fariba; Golechha, Mahaveer; Goleij, Pouya; Golinelli, Davide; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Guadie, Habtamu Alganeh; Guan, Shi-Yang; Gudayu, Temesgen Worku; Guimaraes, Rafael Alves; Guled, Rashid Abdi; Gupta, Rajeev; Gupta, Kartik; Gupta, Veer Bala; Gupta, Vivek Kumar; Gyawali, Bishal; Haddadi, Rasool; Hadi, Najah R.; Haile, Teklehaimanot Gereziher; Hajibeygi, Ramtin; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Halwani, Rabih; Hamidi, Samer; Hankey, Graeme J.; Hannan, Md Abdul; Haque, Shafiul; Harandi, Hamid; Harlianto, Netanja I.; Mahmudul Hasan, S.M.; Hasan, Syed Shahzad; Hasani, Hamidreza; Hassanipour, Soheil; Hassen, Mohammed Bheser; Haubold, Johannes; Hayat, Khezar; Heidari, Golnaz; Heidari, Mohammad; Hessami, Kamran; Hiraike, Yuta; Holla, Ramesh; Hossain, Sahadat; Hossain, Md Shakhaoat; Hosseini, Mohammad-Salar; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hosseinzadeh, Hassan; Huang, Junjie; Huda, Md Nazmul; Hussain, Salman; Huynh, Hong-Han; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Ikeda, Nayu; Ilic, Irena M.; Ilic, Milena D.; Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja; Iqbal, Afrin; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Islam, Rakibul M.; Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah; Iso, Hiroyasu; Isola, Gaetano; Itumalla, Ramaiah; Iwagami, Masao; Iwu, Chidozie C. D.; Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi; Iyasu, Assefa N.; Jacob, Louis; Jafarzadeh, Abdollah; Jahrami, Haitham; Jain, Rajesh; Jaja, Chinwe; Jamalpoor, Zahra; Jamshidi, Elham; Janakiraman, Balamurugan; Jayanna, Krishnamurthy; Jayapal, Sathish Kumar; Jayaram, Shubha; Jayawardena, Ranil; Jebai, Rime; Jeong, Wonjeong; Jin, Yinzi; Jokar, Mohammad; Jonas, Jost B.; Joseph, Nitin; Joseph, Abel; Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma; Joukar, Farahnaz; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Kaambwa, Billingsley; Kabir, Ali; Kabthymer, Robel Hussen; Kadashetti, Vidya; Kahe, Farima; Kalhor, Rohollah; Kandel, Himal; Karanth, Shama D.; Karaye, Ibraheem M.; Karkhah, Samad; Katoto, Patrick D. M. C.; Kaur, Navjot; Kazemian, Sina; Kebede, Sewnet Adem; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khajuria, Himanshu; Khalaji, Amirmohammad; Khan, Moien A. B.; Khan, Maseer; Khan, Ajmal; Khanal, Saval; Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad; Khater, Amir M.; Khateri, Sorour; Khorashadizadeh, Fatemeh; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Kibret, Biruk Getahun; Kim, Min Seo; Kimokoti, Ruth W.; Kisa, Adnan; Kivimaki, Mika; Kolahi, Ali-Asghar; Komaki, Somayeh; Kompani, Farzad; Koohestani, Hamid Reza; Korzh, Oleksii; Kostev, Karel; Kothari, Nikhil; Koyanagi, Ai; Krishan, Kewal; Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Kuddus, Mohammed; Kuddus, Md Abdul; Kumar, Rakesh; Kumar, Harish; Kundu, Satyajit; Kurniasari, Maria Dyah; Kuttikkattu, Ambily; Vecchia, Carlo La; Lallukka, Tea; Larijani, Bagher; Larsson, Anders O.; Latief, Kamaluddin; Lawal, Basira Kankia; Le, Thao Thi Thu; Le, Trang Thi Bich; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; Lee, Munjae; Lee, Wei-Chen; Lee, Paul H.; Lee, Sang-Woong; Lee, Seung Won; Legesse, Samson Mideksa; Lenzi, Jacopo; Li, Yongze; Li, Ming-Chieh; Lim, Stephen S.; Lim, Lee-Ling; Liu, Xuefeng; Liu, Chaojie; Lo, Chun-Han; Lopes, Graciliana; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lozano, Rafael; Lucchetti, Giancarlo; Maghazachi, Azzam A.; Mahasha, Phetole Walter; Mahjoub, Soleiman; Mahmoud, Mansour Adam; Mahmoudi, Razzagh; Mahmoudimanesh, Marzieh; Mai, Anh Tuan; Majeed, Azeem; Sanaye, Pantea Majma; Makris, Konstantinos Christos; Malhotra, Kashish; Malik, Ahmad Azam; Malik, Iram; Mallhi, Tauqeer Hussain; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Mamun, Abdullah A.; Mansouri, Borhan; Marateb, Hamid Reza; Mardi, Parham; Martini, Santi; Martorell, Miquel; Marzo, Roy Rillera; Masoudi, Reza; Masoudi, Sahar; Mathews, Elezebeth; Maugeri, Andrea; Mazzaglia, Giampiero; Mekonnen, Teferi; Meshkat, Mahboobeh; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Jonasson, Junmei Miao; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Michalek, Irmina Maria; Minh, Le Huu Nhat; Mini, G.K.; Miranda, J. Jaime; Mirfakhraie, Reza; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.; Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Mohammad; Misganaw, Awoke; Misgina, Kebede Haile; Mishra, Manish; Moazen, Babak; Mohamed, Nouh Saad; Mohammadi, Esmaeil; Mohammadi, Mohsen; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammadshahi, Marita; Mohseni, Alireza; Mojiri-Forushani, Hoda; Mokdad, Ali H.; Momtazmanesh, Sara; Monasta, Lorenzo; Moniruzzaman, Md; Mons, Ute; Montazeri, Fateme; Ghalibaf, AmirAli Moodi; Moradi, Yousef; Moradi, Maryam; Sarabi, Mostafa Moradi; Morovatdar, Negar; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Morze, Jakub; Mossialos, Elias; Mostafavi, Ebrahim; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Mulita, Francesk; Mulita, Admir; Murillo-Zamora, Efren; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Mwita, Julius C.; Nagaraju, Shankar Prasad; Naghavi, Mohsen; Nainu, Firzan; Nair, Tapas Sadasivan; Najmuldeen, Hastyar Hama Rashid; Nangia, Vinay; Nargus, Shumaila; Naser, Abdallah Y.; Nassereldine, Hasan; Natto, Zuhair S.; Nauman, Javaid; Nayak, Biswa Prakash; Ndejjo, Rawlance; Negash, Hadush; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Nguyen, Hau Thi Hien; Nguyen, Dang H.; Nguyen, Phat Tuan; Nguyen, Van Thanh; Nguyen, Hien Quang; Niazi, Robina Khan; Nigatu, Yeshambel T.; Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini; Nizam, Muhammad A.; Nnyanzi, Lawrence Achilles; Noreen, Mamoona; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet; Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe; Oancea, Bogdan; Odogwu, Nkechi Martina; Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade; Ojha, Vivek Anand; Okati-Aliabad, Hassan; Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul; Okonji, Osaretin Christabel; Okwute, Patrick Godwin; Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa; Onwujekwe, Obinna E.; Ordak, Michal; Ortiz, Alberto; Osuagwu, Uchechukwu Levi; Oulhaj, Abderrahim; Owolabi, Mayowa O.; Padron-Monedero, Alicia; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Palladino, Raffaele; Panagiotakos, Demosthenes; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pandey, Ashok; Pandey, Anamika; Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R.; Stoian, Anca Mihaela Pantea; Pardhan, Shahina; Parekh, Tarang; Parekh, Utsav; Pasovic, Maja; Patel, Jay; Patel, Jenil R.; Paudel, Uttam; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino; Pereira, Marcos; Perico, Norberto; Perna, Simone; Petcu, Ionela-Roxana; Petermann-Rocha, Fanny Emily; Podder, Vivek; Postma, Maarten J.; Pourali, Ghazaleh; Pourtaheri, Naeimeh; Prates, Elton Junio Sady; Qadir, Mirza Muhammad Fahd; Qattea, Ibrahim; Raee, Pourya; Rafique, Ibrar; Rahimi, Mehran; Rahimifard, Mahban; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahman, Md Obaidur; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman, Mosiur; Rahman, Md Mosfequr; Rahmani, Mohamed; Rahmani, Shayan; Rahmanian, Vahid; Rahmawaty, Setyaningrum; Rahnavard, Niloufar; Rajbhandari, Bibek; Ram, Pradhum; Ramazanu, Sheena; Rana, Juwel; Rancic, Nemanja; Ranjha, Muhammad Modassar Ali Nawaz; Rao, Chythra R.; Rapaka, Deepthi; Rasali, Drona Prakash; Rashedi, Sina; Rashedi, Vahid; Rashid, Ahmed Mustafa; Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi; Ratan, Zubair Ahmed; Rawaf, Salman; Rawal, Lal; Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Rengasamy, Kannan R. R.; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Reyes, Luis Felipe; Rezaei, Nima; Rezaei, Nazila; Rezaeian, Mohsen; Rezazadeh, Hossein; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad; Rias, Yohanes Andy; Riaz, Muhammad; Ribeiro, Daniela; Rodrigues, Monica; Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia; Roever, Leonardo; Rohloff, Peter; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Roustazadeh, Abazar; Rwegerera, Godfrey M.; Saad, Aly M. A.; Saber-Ayad, Maha Mohamed; Sabour, Siamak; Sabzmakan, Leila; Saddik, Basema; Sadeghi, Erfan; Saeed, Umar; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Safi, Sare; Safi, Sher Zaman; Saghazadeh, Amene; Sharif-Askari, Narjes Saheb; Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh Saheb; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahoo, Soumya Swaroop; Sahoo, Harihar; Saif-Ur-Rahman, K.M.; Sajid, Mirza Rizwan; Salahi, Sarvenaz; Salahi, Saina; Saleh, Mohamed A.; Salehi, Mohammad Amin; Salomon, Joshua A.; Sanabria, Juan; Sanjeev, Rama Krishna; Sanmarchi, Francesco; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.; Sarasmita, Made Ary; Sargazi, Saman; Sathian, Brijesh; Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu; Sawhney, Monika; Schlaich, Markus P.; Schmidt, Maria Ines; Schuermans, Art; Seidu, Abdul-Aziz; Kumar, Nachimuthu Senthil; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Sethi, Yashendra; Seylani, Allen; Shabany, Maryam; Shafaghat, Tahereh; Shafeghat, Melika; Shafie, Mahan; Shah, Nilay S.; Shahid, Samiah; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shanawaz, Mohd; Shannawaz, Mohammed; Sharfaei, Sadaf; Shashamo, Bereket Beyene; Shiri, Rahman; Shittu, Aminu; Shivakumar, K.M.; Shivalli, Siddharudha; Shobeiri, Parnian; Shokri, Fereshteh; Shuval, Kerem; Sibhat, Migbar Mekonnen; Silva, Luis Manuel Lopes Rodrigues; Simpson, Colin R.; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Singh, Paramdeep; Singh, Surjit; Siraj, Md Shahjahan; Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna; Sohag, Abdullah Al Mamun; Soleimani, Hamidreza; Solikhah, Solikhah; Soltani-Zangbar, Mohammad Sadegh; Somayaji, Ranjani; Sorensen, Reed J. D.; Starodubova, Antonina V.; Sujata, Sujata; Suleman, Muhammad; Sun, Jing; Sundstr�m, Johan; Tabar�s-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad; Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed-Amir; Tabish, Mohammad; Taheri, Majid; Taheri, Ensiyeh; Taki, Elahe; Tamuzi, Jacques J. L. Lukenze; Tan, Ker-Kan; Tat, Nathan Y.; Taye, Birhan Tsegaw; Temesgen, Worku Animaw; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Tesler, Riki; Thangaraju, Pugazhenthan; Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman; Thapa, Rajshree; Tharwat, Samar; Thomas, Nihal; Ticoalu, Jansje Henny Vera; Tiyuri, Amir; Tonelli, Marcello; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Trico, Domenico; Trihandini, Indang; Tripathy, Jaya Prasad; Tromans, Samuel Joseph; Tsegay, Guesh Mebrahtom; Tualeka, Abdul Rohim; Tufa, Derara Girma; Tyrovolas, Stefanos; Ullah, Sana; Upadhyay, Era; Vahabi, Seyed Mohammad; Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj; Valizadeh, Rohollah; van Daalen, Kim Robin; Vart, Priya; Varthya, Shoban Babu; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani; Vaziri, Siavash; Verma, Madhur Verma; Verras, Georgios-Ioannis; Vo, Danh Cao; Wagaye, Birhanu; Waheed, Yasir; Wang, Ziyue; Wang, Yanqing; Wang, Cong; Wang, Fang; Wassie, Gizachew Tadesse; Wei, Melissa Y. Wei; Weldemariam, Abrha Hailay; Westerman, Ronny; Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana; Wu, YiFan; Wulandari, Ratna D. W. I.; Xia, Juan; Xiao, Hong; Xu, Suowen; Xu, Xiaoyue; Yada, Dereje Y.; Yang, Lin; Yatsuya, Hiroshi; Yesiltepe, Metin; Yi, Siyan; Yohannis, Hunachew Kibret; Yonemoto, Naohiro; You, Yuyi; Zaman, Sojib Bin; Zamora, Nelson; Zare, Iman; Zarea, Kourosh; Zarrintan, Armin; Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich; Zeru, Naod Gebrekrstos; Zhang, Zhi-Jiang; Zhong, Chenwen; Zhou, Jingjing; Zieli?ska, Magdalena; Zikarg, Yossef Teshome; Zodpey, Sanjay; Zoladl, Mohammad; Zou, Zhiyong; Zumla, Alimuddin; Zuniga, Yves Miel H.; Magliano, Dianna J.; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Hay, Simon I.; Vos, Theo
    Background: Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. Methods: Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined; these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims; type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparative risk assessment framework to estimate the risk-attributable type 2 diabetes burden for 16 risk factors falling under risk categories including environmental and occupational factors, tobacco use, high alcohol use, high body-mass index (BMI), dietary factors, and low physical activity. Using a regression framework, we forecast type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence through 2050 with Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and high BMI as predictors, respectively. Findings: In 2021, there were 529 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 500�564) people living with diabetes worldwide, and the global age-standardised total diabetes prevalence was 6�1% (5�8�6�5). At the super-region level, the highest age-standardised rates were observed in north Africa and the Middle East (9�3% [8�7�9�9]) and, at the regional level, in Oceania (12�3% [11�5�13�0]). Nationally, Qatar had the world's highest age-specific prevalence of diabetes, at 76�1% (73�1�79�5) in individuals aged 75�79 years. Total diabetes prevalence�especially among older adults�primarily reflects type 2 diabetes, which in 2021 accounted for 96�0% (95�1�96�8) of diabetes cases and 95�4% (94�9�95�9) of diabetes DALYs worldwide. In 2021, 52�2% (25�5�71�8) of global type 2 diabetes DALYs were attributable to high BMI. The contribution of high BMI to type 2 diabetes DALYs rose by 24�3% (18�5�30�4) worldwide between 1990 and 2021. By 2050, more than 1�31 billion (1�22�1�39) people are projected to have diabetes, with expected age-standardised total diabetes prevalence rates greater than 10% in two super-regions: 16�8% (16�1�17�6) in north Africa and the Middle East and 11�3% (10�8�11�9) in Latin America and Caribbean. By 2050, 89 (43�6%) of 204 countries and territories will have an age-standardised rate greater than 10%. Interpretation: Diabetes remains a substantial public health issue. Type 2 diabetes, which makes up the bulk of diabetes cases, is largely preventable and, in some cases, potentially reversible if identified and managed early in the disease course. However, all evidence indicates that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, primarily due to a rise in obesity caused by multiple factors. Preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes remains an ongoing challenge. It is essential to better understand disparities in risk factor profiles and diabetes burden across populations, to inform strategies to successfully control diabetes risk factors within the context of multiple and complex drivers. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. � 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Global, regional, and national sex differences in the global burden of tuberculosis by HIV status, 1990�2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2021-09-23T00:00:00) Ledesma, Jorge R.; Ma, Jianing; Vongpradith, Avina; Maddison, Emilie R.; Novotney, Amanda; Biehl, Molly H.; Legrand, Kate E.; Ross, Jennifer M.; Jahagirdar, Deepa; Bryazka, Dana; Feldman, Rachel; Abolhassani, Hassan; Abosetugn, Akine Eshete; Abu-Gharbieh, Eman; Adebayo, Oladimeji M.; Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah; Afzal, Saira; Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku; Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad; Ahmadi, Sepideh; Rashid, Tarik Ahmed; Salih, Yusra Ahmed; Aklilu, Addis; Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet; Al Hamad, Hanadi; Alahdab, Fares; Alemayehu, Yosef; Alene, Kefyalew Addis; Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir; Ali, Liaqat; Alipour, Vahid; Alizade, Hesam; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M.; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Amini, Saeed; Amit, Arianna Maever L.; Anderson, Jason A.; Androudi, Sofa; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.; Antony, Catherine M.; Anwer, Razique; Arabloo, Jalal; Arja, Asrat; Asemahagn, Mulusew A.; Atre, Sachin R.; Azhar, Gulrez Shah; Darshan, B.B.; Babar, Zaheer-Ud-Din; Baig, Atif Amin; Banach, Maciej; Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat; Barra, Fabio; Barrow, Amadou; Basu, Sanjay; Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhardwaj, Nikha; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhattacharjee, Natalia V.; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Boloor, Archith; Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich; Buonsenso, Danilo; Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina; Butt, Zahid A.; Carter, Austin; Carvalho, Felix; Charan, Jaykaran; Chatterjee, Souranshu; Chattu, Soosanna Kumary; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Christopher, Devasahayam J.; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Claassens, Mareli M.; Dadras, Omid; Dagnew, Amare Belachew; Dai, Xiaochen; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Dhamnetiya, Deepak; Dianatinasab, Mostafa; Diaz, Daniel; Doan, Linh Phuong; Eftekharzadeh, Sahar; Elhadi, Muhammed; Emami, Amir; Enany, Shymaa; Faraon, Emerito Jose A.; Farzadfar, Farshad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Desideri, Lorenzo Ferro; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Foroutan, Masoud; Frank, Tahvi D.; Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L.; Garcia-Calavaro, Christian; Garg, Tushar; Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle; Ghadiri, Keyghobad; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Golechha, Mahaveer; Goodridge, Amador; Gupta, Bhawna; Gupta, Sapna; Gupta, Veer Bala; Gupta, Vivek Kumar; Haider, Mohammad Rifat; Hamidi, Samer; Hanif, Asif; Haque, Shaful; Harapan, Harapan; Hargono, Arief; Hasaballah, Ahmed I.; Hashi, Abdiwahab; Hassan, Shoaib; Hassankhani, Hadi; Hayat, Khezar; Hezam, Kamal; Holla, Ramesh; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Househ, Mowafa; Hussain, Rabia; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Ilic, Irena M.; Ilic, Milena D.; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah; Itumalla, Ramaiah; Jaafari, Jalil; Jacobsen, Kathryn H.; Jain, Vardhmaan; Javanmardi, Fatemeh; Jayapal, Sathish Kumar; Jayaram, Shubha; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jonas, Jost B.; Joseph, Nitin; Joukar, Farahnaz; Kabir, Zubair; Kamath, Ashwin; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kandel, Himal; Katoto, Patrick D.M.C.; Kayode, Gbenga A.; Kendrick, Parkes J.; Kerbo, Amene Abebe; Khajuria, Himanshu; Khalilov, Rovshan; Khatab, Khaled; Khoja, Abdullah T.; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Kim, Min Seo; Kim, Yun Jin; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Kosen, Soewarta; Koul, Parvaiz A.; Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane; Koyanagi, Ai; Krishan, Kewal; Bicer, Burcu Kucuk; Kumar, Avinash; Kumar, G. Anil; Kumar, Narinder; Kumar, Nithin; Kwarteng, Alexander; Lak, Hassan Mehmood; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Landires, Iv�n; Lasrado, Savita; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; Lee, Wei-Chen; Lin, Christine; Liu, Xuefeng; Lopukhov, Platon D.; Lozano, Rafael; Machado, Daiane Borges; Kunjathur, Shilpashree Madhava; Madi, Deepak; Mahajan, Preetam Bhalchandra; Majeed, Azeem; Malik, Ahmad Azam; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerl�ndio; Mehta, Saurabh; Memish, Ziad A.; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G.; Merie, Hayimro Edemealem; Mersha, Amanual Getnet; Mesregah, Mohamed Kamal; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Mheidly, Nour Mheidly; Misra, Sanjeev; Mithra, Prasanna; Moghadaszadeh, Masoud; Mohammadi, Mokhtar; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammed, Shafu; Molokhia, Mariam; Moni, Mohammad Ali; Al Montasir, Ahmed; Moore, Catrin E.; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Nair, Sanjeev; Nair, Suma; Naqvi, Atta Abbas; Swamy, Sreenivas Narasimha; Nayak, Biswa Prakash; Nazari, Javad; Kandel, Sandhya Neupane; Nguyen, Trang Huyen; Nixon, Molly R.; Nnaji, Chukwudi A.; Ntsekhe, Mpiko; Nu�ez-Samudio, Virginia; Oancea, Bogdan; Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Oren, Eyal; Mahesh, P.A.; Parthasarathi, Ramakrishnan; Kan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh; Pattanshetty, Sanjay M.; Paudel, Rajan; Paul, Pintu; Pawar, Shrikant; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino; Perico, Norberto; Pirestani, Majid; Polibin, Roman V.; Postma, Maarten J.; Pourshams, Akram; Prashant, Akila; Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga; Radfar, Amir; Rafei, Alireza; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahman, Mahfuzar; Rahman, Mosiur; Rahmani, Amir Masoud; Ranasinghe, Priyanga; Rao, Chythra R.; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Reitsma, Marissa B.; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Reta, Melese Abate; Rezaei, Nima; Rezahosseini, Omid; Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh; Rezapour, Aziz; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Roshchin, Denis O.; Sabour, Siamak; Saif-Ur-rahman, K.M.; Salam, Nasir; Kafl, Hossein Samadi; Samaei, Mehrnoosh; Samy, Abdallah M.; Saroshe, Satish; Sartorius, Benn; Sathian, Brijesh; Sawyer, Susan M.; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Seylani, Allen; Shafaat, Omid; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Sharaf, Kiomars; Shetty, Ranjitha S.; Shigematsu, Mika; Shin, Jae Il; Silva, Jo�o Pedro; Singh, Jitendra Kumar; Sinha, Smriti; Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich; Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna; Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.; Steiropoulos, Paschalis; Sufyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale; Tabuchi, Takahiro; Tadesse, Eyayou Girma; Tamir, Zemenu; Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang; Tekalegn, Yohannes; Tesfay, Fisaha Haile; Tessema, Belay; Thapar, Rekha; Tleyjeh, Imad I.; Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan; Tran, Bach Xuan; Tsegaye, Berhan; Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie; Ullah, Anayat; Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David; Tahbaz, Sahel Valadan; Vo, Bay; Vu, Giang Thu; Waheed, Yasir; Walters, Magdalene K.; Whisnant, Joanna L.; Woldekidan, Mesfn Agachew; Wubishet, Befkadu Legesse; Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh; Yazie, Taklo Simeneh Yazie; Yeshaw, Yigizie; Yi, Siyan; Yigit, Vahit; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Yu, Chuanhua; Yunusa, Ismaeel; Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich; Zastrozhina, Anasthasia; Zhang, Zhi-Jiang; Zumla, Alimuddin; Mokdad, Ali H.; Salomon, Joshua A.; Reiner, Robert C.; Lim, Stephen S.; Naghavi, Mohsen; Vos, Theo; Hay, Simon I.; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe
    Background: Tuberculosis is a major contributor to the global burden of disease, causing more than a million deaths annually. Given an emphasis on equity in access to diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in global health targets, evaluations of differences in tuberculosis burden by sex are crucial. We aimed to assess the levels and trends of the global burden of tuberculosis, with an emphasis on investigating differences in sex by HIV status for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Methods: We used a Bayesian hierarchical Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) platform to analyse 21 505 site-years of vital registration data, 705 site-years of verbal autopsy data, 825 site-years of sample-based vital registration data, and 680 site-years of mortality surveillance data to estimate mortality due to tuberculosis among HIV-negative individuals. We used a population attributable fraction approach to estimate mortality related to HIV and tuberculosis coinfection. A compartmental meta-regression tool (DisMod-MR 2.1) was then used to synthesise all available data sources, including prevalence surveys, annual case notifications, population-based tuberculin surveys, and tuberculosis cause-specific mortality, to produce estimates of incidence, prevalence, and mortality that were internally consistent. We further estimated the fraction of tuberculosis mortality that is attributable to independent effects of risk factors, including smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes, for HIV-negative individuals. For individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, we assessed mortality attributable to HIV risk factors including unsafe sex, intimate partner violence (only estimated among females), and injection drug use. We present 95% uncertainty intervals for all estimates. Findings: Globally, in 2019, among HIV-negative individuals, there were 1�18 million (95% uncertainty interval 1�08�1�29) deaths due to tuberculosis and 8�50 million (7�45�9�73) incident cases of tuberculosis. Among HIV-positive individuals, there were 217 000 (153 000�279 000) deaths due to tuberculosis and 1�15 million (1�01�1�32) incident cases in 2019. More deaths and incident cases occurred in males than in females among HIV-negative individuals globally in 2019, with 342 000 (234 000�425 000) more deaths and 1�01 million (0�82�1�23) more incident cases in males than in females. Among HIV-positive individuals, 6250 (1820�11 400) more deaths and 81 100 (63 300�100 000) more incident cases occurred among females than among males in 2019. Age-standardised mortality rates among HIV-negative males were more than two times greater in 105 countries and age-standardised incidence rates were more than 1�5 times greater in 74 countries than among HIV-negative females in 2019. The fraction of global tuberculosis deaths among HIV-negative individuals attributable to alcohol use, smoking, and diabetes was 4�27 (3�69�5�02), 6�17 (5�48�7�02), and 1�17 (1�07�1�28) times higher, respectively, among males than among females in 2019. Among individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, the fraction of mortality attributable to injection drug use was 2�23 (2�03�2�44) times greater among males than females, whereas the fraction due to unsafe sex was 1�06 (1�05�1�08) times greater among females than males. Interpretation: As countries refine national tuberculosis programmes and strategies to end the tuberculosis epidemic, the excess burden experienced by males is important. Interventions are needed to actively communicate, especially to men, the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. These interventions should occur in parallel with efforts to minimise excess HIV burden among women in the highest HIV burden countries that are contributing to excess HIV and tuberculosis coinfection burden for females. Placing a focus on tuberculosis burden among HIV-negative males and HIV and tuberculosis coinfection among females might help to diminish the overall burden of tuberculosis. This strategy will be crucial in reaching both equity and burden targets outlined by global health milestones. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. � 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Global, regional, and national sex differences in the global burden of tuberculosis by HIV status, 1990�2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2021-09-23T00:00:00) Ledesma, Jorge R.; Ma, Jianing; Vongpradith, Avina; Maddison, Emilie R.; Novotney, Amanda; Biehl, Molly H.; Legrand, Kate E.; Ross, Jennifer M.; Jahagirdar, Deepa; Bryazka, Dana; Feldman, Rachel; Abolhassani, Hassan; Abosetugn, Akine Eshete; Abu-Gharbieh, Eman; Adebayo, Oladimeji M.; Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah; Afzal, Saira; Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku; Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad; Ahmadi, Sepideh; Rashid, Tarik Ahmed; Salih, Yusra Ahmed; Aklilu, Addis; Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet; Al Hamad, Hanadi; Alahdab, Fares; Alemayehu, Yosef; Alene, Kefyalew Addis; Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir; Ali, Liaqat; Alipour, Vahid; Alizade, Hesam; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M.; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Amini, Saeed; Amit, Arianna Maever L.; Anderson, Jason A.; Androudi, Sofa; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.; Antony, Catherine M.; Anwer, Razique; Arabloo, Jalal; Arja, Asrat; Asemahagn, Mulusew A.; Atre, Sachin R.; Azhar, Gulrez Shah; Darshan, B.B.; Babar, Zaheer-Ud-Din; Baig, Atif Amin; Banach, Maciej; Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat; Barra, Fabio; Barrow, Amadou; Basu, Sanjay; Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhardwaj, Nikha; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhattacharjee, Natalia V.; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Boloor, Archith; Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich; Buonsenso, Danilo; Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina; Butt, Zahid A.; Carter, Austin; Carvalho, Felix; Charan, Jaykaran; Chatterjee, Souranshu; Chattu, Soosanna Kumary; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Christopher, Devasahayam J.; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Claassens, Mareli M.; Dadras, Omid; Dagnew, Amare Belachew; Dai, Xiaochen; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Dhamnetiya, Deepak; Dianatinasab, Mostafa; Diaz, Daniel; Doan, Linh Phuong; Eftekharzadeh, Sahar; Elhadi, Muhammed; Emami, Amir; Enany, Shymaa; Faraon, Emerito Jose A.; Farzadfar, Farshad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Desideri, Lorenzo Ferro; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Foroutan, Masoud; Frank, Tahvi D.; Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L.; Garcia-Calavaro, Christian; Garg, Tushar; Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle; Ghadiri, Keyghobad; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Golechha, Mahaveer; Goodridge, Amador; Gupta, Bhawna; Gupta, Sapna; Gupta, Veer Bala; Gupta, Vivek Kumar; Haider, Mohammad Rifat; Hamidi, Samer; Hanif, Asif; Haque, Shaful; Harapan, Harapan; Hargono, Arief; Hasaballah, Ahmed I.; Hashi, Abdiwahab; Hassan, Shoaib; Hassankhani, Hadi; Hayat, Khezar; Hezam, Kamal; Holla, Ramesh; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Househ, Mowafa; Hussain, Rabia; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Ilic, Irena M.; Ilic, Milena D.; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah; Itumalla, Ramaiah; Jaafari, Jalil; Jacobsen, Kathryn H.; Jain, Vardhmaan; Javanmardi, Fatemeh; Jayapal, Sathish Kumar; Jayaram, Shubha; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jonas, Jost B.; Joseph, Nitin; Joukar, Farahnaz; Kabir, Zubair; Kamath, Ashwin; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kandel, Himal; Katoto, Patrick D.M.C.; Kayode, Gbenga A.; Kendrick, Parkes J.; Kerbo, Amene Abebe; Khajuria, Himanshu; Khalilov, Rovshan; Khatab, Khaled; Khoja, Abdullah T.; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Kim, Min Seo; Kim, Yun Jin; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Kosen, Soewarta; Koul, Parvaiz A.; Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane; Koyanagi, Ai; Krishan, Kewal; Bicer, Burcu Kucuk; Kumar, Avinash; Kumar, G. Anil; Kumar, Narinder; Kumar, Nithin; Kwarteng, Alexander; Lak, Hassan Mehmood; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Landires, Iv�n; Lasrado, Savita; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; Lee, Wei-Chen; Lin, Christine; Liu, Xuefeng; Lopukhov, Platon D.; Lozano, Rafael; Machado, Daiane Borges; Kunjathur, Shilpashree Madhava; Madi, Deepak; Mahajan, Preetam Bhalchandra; Majeed, Azeem; Malik, Ahmad Azam; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerl�ndio; Mehta, Saurabh; Memish, Ziad A.; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G.; Merie, Hayimro Edemealem; Mersha, Amanual Getnet; Mesregah, Mohamed Kamal; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Mheidly, Nour Mheidly; Misra, Sanjeev; Mithra, Prasanna; Moghadaszadeh, Masoud; Mohammadi, Mokhtar; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammed, Shafu; Molokhia, Mariam; Moni, Mohammad Ali; Al Montasir, Ahmed; Moore, Catrin E.; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Nair, Sanjeev; Nair, Suma; Naqvi, Atta Abbas; Swamy, Sreenivas Narasimha; Nayak, Biswa Prakash; Nazari, Javad; Kandel, Sandhya Neupane; Nguyen, Trang Huyen; Nixon, Molly R.; Nnaji, Chukwudi A.; Ntsekhe, Mpiko; Nu�ez-Samudio, Virginia; Oancea, Bogdan; Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Oren, Eyal; Mahesh, P.A.; Parthasarathi, Ramakrishnan; Kan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh; Pattanshetty, Sanjay M.; Paudel, Rajan; Paul, Pintu; Pawar, Shrikant; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino; Perico, Norberto; Pirestani, Majid; Polibin, Roman V.; Postma, Maarten J.; Pourshams, Akram; Prashant, Akila; Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga; Radfar, Amir; Rafei, Alireza; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahman, Mahfuzar; Rahman, Mosiur; Rahmani, Amir Masoud; Ranasinghe, Priyanga; Rao, Chythra R.; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Reitsma, Marissa B.; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Reta, Melese Abate; Rezaei, Nima; Rezahosseini, Omid; Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh; Rezapour, Aziz; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Roshchin, Denis O.; Sabour, Siamak; Saif-Ur-rahman, K.M.; Salam, Nasir; Kafl, Hossein Samadi; Samaei, Mehrnoosh; Samy, Abdallah M.; Saroshe, Satish; Sartorius, Benn; Sathian, Brijesh; Sawyer, Susan M.; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Seylani, Allen; Shafaat, Omid; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Sharaf, Kiomars; Shetty, Ranjitha S.; Shigematsu, Mika; Shin, Jae Il; Silva, Jo�o Pedro; Singh, Jitendra Kumar; Sinha, Smriti; Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich; Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna; Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.; Steiropoulos, Paschalis; Sufyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale; Tabuchi, Takahiro; Tadesse, Eyayou Girma; Tamir, Zemenu; Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang; Tekalegn, Yohannes; Tesfay, Fisaha Haile; Tessema, Belay; Thapar, Rekha; Tleyjeh, Imad I.; Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan; Tran, Bach Xuan; Tsegaye, Berhan; Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie; Ullah, Anayat; Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David; Tahbaz, Sahel Valadan; Vo, Bay; Vu, Giang Thu; Waheed, Yasir; Walters, Magdalene K.; Whisnant, Joanna L.; Woldekidan, Mesfn Agachew; Wubishet, Befkadu Legesse; Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh; Yazie, Taklo Simeneh Yazie; Yeshaw, Yigizie; Yi, Siyan; Yigit, Vahit; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Yu, Chuanhua; Yunusa, Ismaeel; Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich; Zastrozhina, Anasthasia; Zhang, Zhi-Jiang; Zumla, Alimuddin; Mokdad, Ali H.; Salomon, Joshua A.; Reiner, Robert C.; Lim, Stephen S.; Naghavi, Mohsen; Vos, Theo; Hay, Simon I.; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe
    Background: Tuberculosis is a major contributor to the global burden of disease, causing more than a million deaths annually. Given an emphasis on equity in access to diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in global health targets, evaluations of differences in tuberculosis burden by sex are crucial. We aimed to assess the levels and trends of the global burden of tuberculosis, with an emphasis on investigating differences in sex by HIV status for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Methods: We used a Bayesian hierarchical Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) platform to analyse 21 505 site-years of vital registration data, 705 site-years of verbal autopsy data, 825 site-years of sample-based vital registration data, and 680 site-years of mortality surveillance data to estimate mortality due to tuberculosis among HIV-negative individuals. We used a population attributable fraction approach to estimate mortality related to HIV and tuberculosis coinfection. A compartmental meta-regression tool (DisMod-MR 2.1) was then used to synthesise all available data sources, including prevalence surveys, annual case notifications, population-based tuberculin surveys, and tuberculosis cause-specific mortality, to produce estimates of incidence, prevalence, and mortality that were internally consistent. We further estimated the fraction of tuberculosis mortality that is attributable to independent effects of risk factors, including smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes, for HIV-negative individuals. For individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, we assessed mortality attributable to HIV risk factors including unsafe sex, intimate partner violence (only estimated among females), and injection drug use. We present 95% uncertainty intervals for all estimates. Findings: Globally, in 2019, among HIV-negative individuals, there were 1�18 million (95% uncertainty interval 1�08�1�29) deaths due to tuberculosis and 8�50 million (7�45�9�73) incident cases of tuberculosis. Among HIV-positive individuals, there were 217 000 (153 000�279 000) deaths due to tuberculosis and 1�15 million (1�01�1�32) incident cases in 2019. More deaths and incident cases occurred in males than in females among HIV-negative individuals globally in 2019, with 342 000 (234 000�425 000) more deaths and 1�01 million (0�82�1�23) more incident cases in males than in females. Among HIV-positive individuals, 6250 (1820�11 400) more deaths and 81 100 (63 300�100 000) more incident cases occurred among females than among males in 2019. Age-standardised mortality rates among HIV-negative males were more than two times greater in 105 countries and age-standardised incidence rates were more than 1�5 times greater in 74 countries than among HIV-negative females in 2019. The fraction of global tuberculosis deaths among HIV-negative individuals attributable to alcohol use, smoking, and diabetes was 4�27 (3�69�5�02), 6�17 (5�48�7�02), and 1�17 (1�07�1�28) times higher, respectively, among males than among females in 2019. Among individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, the fraction of mortality attributable to injection drug use was 2�23 (2�03�2�44) times greater among males than females, whereas the fraction due to unsafe sex was 1�06 (1�05�1�08) times greater among females than males. Interpretation: As countries refine national tuberculosis programmes and strategies to end the tuberculosis epidemic, the excess burden experienced by males is important. Interventions are needed to actively communicate, especially to men, the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. These interventions should occur in parallel with efforts to minimise excess HIV burden among women in the highest HIV burden countries that are contributing to excess HIV and tuberculosis coinfection burden for females. Placing a focus on tuberculosis burden among HIV-negative males and HIV and tuberculosis coinfection among females might help to diminish the overall burden of tuberculosis. This strategy will be crucial in reaching both equity and burden targets outlined by global health milestones. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. � 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license