Biochemistry And Microbial Sciences - Research Publications

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    The Epigenetics of Noncoding RNA
    (Elsevier, 2022-09-16T00:00:00) Chhabra, Ravindresh
    DNA, RNA, and the proteins are the major players in the flow of genetic information. Out of these, RNA is the most versatile biomolecule as it exists in multiple forms and each form carries out specified functions in the cell. RNA can be classified into coding and noncoding RNA (ncRNA). The noncoding RNA is further subdivided into long noncoding RNA (>200 nucleotides) and small noncoding RNA (<200 nucleotides). The coding RNA is the one which gets translated into proteins; whereas, the ncRNA is usually responsible for the regulation of gene expression. The ncRNA has been implicated in a number of pathological conditions including cancer, diabetes, neurological disorders and developmental defects. The interplay between ncRNAs and epigenetics often plays a significant role in the onset and progression of some of the aforementioned diseases. This chapter elaborates on the different ways in which epigenetic phenomenon is regulated by ncRNA and the effect of epigenetic modification on the expression of ncRNA. � 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    The journey of noncoding RNA from bench to clinic
    (Elsevier, 2021-01-30T00:00:00) Chhabra, Ravindresh
    The discovery of noncoding RNA (ncRNA) in the 90s completely changed our understanding of gene regulation. The ncRNAs specialize in regulating the gene expression, which enables them to induce a remarkable change in cellular pathways. The ncRNAs are categorized as small (<200 nucleotides) and long ncRNA (>200 nucleotides). The small ncRNAs are further classified as miRNAs, piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). Both miRNAs and siRNAs silence gene expression by binding to their target mRNA but follow different mechanisms. piRNAs are responsible for bringing about transposon repression, and snoRNAs are mainly involved in the modification of rRNAs. The lncRNAs have diverse functions that range from chromatin modification to acting as a precursor of miRNAs to binding to mRNAs and blocking their translation. With such important functions in their repertoire, tightly regulated tissue-specific expression and differential expression in diseased conditions, the potential of ncRNAs as therapeutic targets and biomarkers is waiting to be exploited. As per the ClinicalTrials database of NLM, the number of clinical trial studies recorded for miRNAs, siRNAs, and lncRNAs are 861, 67, and 39, respectively. The siRNA therapeutic, Patisiran, became the first ncRNA to receive FDA approval for the treatment of a rare polyneuropathy in 2018. Miravirsen, an inhibitor of miR-122 is the first miRNA therapeutic drug, which is currently in multiple phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of Hepatitis C. The lncRNA PCA3 was approved as a biomarker for prostate cancer in 2012. This chapter discusses the journey of ncRNA from bench to clinic with a few specific examples elaborating on the basic research involved in identifying them as biomarkers or therapeutic targets and bottlenecks in their clinical use. � 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    SNHG12: An LncRNA as a Potential Therapeutic Target and Biomarker for Human Cancer
    (Frontiers Media S.A., 2019) Tamang, S; Acharya, V; Roy, D; Sharma, R; Aryaa, A; Sharma, U; Khandelwal, A; Prakash, H; Vasquez, K.M; Jain, A.
    Limitations in current diagnostic procedures warrant identification of new methodologies to improve diagnoses of cancer patients. In this context, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as stable biomarkers which are expressed abundantly in tumors. Importantly, these can be detected at all stages of tumor development, and thus may provide potential biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets. Recently, we suggested that aberrant levels of lncRNAs can be used to determine the invasive and metastatic potential of tumor cells. Further, direct correlations of lncRNAs with cancer-derived inflammation, metastasis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and other hallmarks of cancer indicate their potential as biomarkers and targets for cancer. Thus, in this review we have discussed the importance of small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12), a lncRNA, as a potential biomarker for a variety of cancers. A meta-analysis of a large cohort of cancer patients revealed that SNHG12 may also serve as a potential target for cancer-directed interventions due to its involvement in unfolded protein responses, which many tumor cells exploit to both evade immune-mediated attack and enhance the polarization of effector immune cells (e.g., macrophages and T cells). Thus, we propose that SNHG12 may serve as both a biomarker and a druggable therapeutic target with promising clinical potential.