Economic Studies - Mphil Thesis

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://kr.cup.edu.in/handle/32116/139

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Availability, Affordability and pricing of the essential drugs: A case study of Bathinda city (Punjab).
(Central University of Punjab, 2016) Bala, Indu; Kaur, Sandeep
In recent times individual spending on health care is the common issue. This issue is manifold as linked with the availability, affordability and pricing of drugs. The present study evaluates these issues related to essential drugs in Bathinda city which is one of the blocks of Malwa region. Availability, affordability and price differences are examined across two types of drugs generic and, branded-generic at public and private drug stores, using a primary survey of patients, drug retailers and wholesalers mainly. The study also analyses the evolution of government drug pricing policies and the impact of patents on drugs. Data on drug prices is collected of commonly used essential drugs of different therapeutic classes. Affordability of the essential medicines to the ordinary people is measured by comparing the treatment cost with the wages earned by them. To compare the domestic prices with international reference prices, median price ratios (MPR) are obtained by dividing the local public and private sector median prices with international reference prices. The study discovers that availability of essential drugs in the public sector is not sufficient to meet the challenge of providing essential drugs to the entire population of the city. The Private sector is dominating for providing drugs and better treatment which has very less transparency in the pricing system and variations in the retail prices and markups are very high. Affordability level of essential drugs for different treatments to ii the ordinary people is satisfactory but not for the people living below the poverty line. Policies should be targeted to maintain a transparent pricing system and should be affordable for all as well as making them more widely available. The drug price control order should be properly implemented in fixing the MRP of branded-generic drugs
Cross Loc trade facilitation: A Case study of two TFCs
(Central University of Punjab, 2015) Dar, Zahid Ul Islam; Kaur, Sandeep
Structural transformation is a process by which the relative importance of different sectors and activities of an economy changes over time. The Kerala economy is also undergoing the transformation from traditional backward agrarian economy to a modern service sector led economy. The significance of the present study lies in the fact that the whole process of structural transformation of the Kerala economy has not so far been addressed in a detailed and comprehensive manner in the earlier studies. No specific attempt has been made to relate the pattern of agricultural development with the structural transformations in the Kerala economy. In this study, an attempt has been made to examine the structural changes and growth performance and pattern of agricultural development in Kerala economy. The study mainly covers a period of 1980-81 to 2010-11. The study has found that the share of primary sector in GSDP has declined sharply, but the corresponding decline in employment share has not taken place. Moreover, the excess labour force has moved from primary sector to secondary sector, thus causing abundance in secondary sector and there was only a meager increase in share of income from ii secondary sector in GSDP. The share of income from services sector in GSDP has increased sharply, but it failed to register a sharp increase in employment. Thus, it follows that Kerala did not experience a sequential growth process (as propounded by structural change growth theories) as the service sector led growth did not provide employment matching with its income and the process of industrialization failed to take off as share of income from secondary sector did not commensurate with the level of employment in the sector. The changes in land use pattern in Kerala were unprecedented during the past decades in terms of deforestation, increase in area as current fallow, increase in area under non-agricultural land, decrease in both net area sown and gross cropped area resulting in decline in cropping intensity. Irrigation intensity of only 20 per cent points that about 80 per cent of the cropped area is rain-fed. Kerala witnessed shift in the copping pattern in favour of non-food crops at the expense of food crops as crops such as pulses, rice, tapioca, cashewnut, ginger were replaced by commercial cash crops like rubber and coconut. The declining cultivable area, predominance of tiny and fragmented holdings, decline in work force in terms of reduction in agricultural labour and cultivator has made farming more vulnerable. Finally, the study has suggested some policy suggestions such as training to labour moved to secondary sector, keeping a check on the area under food crops, bringing more area under assured irrigation, strict law enforcing mechanism to avoid unnecessary conversion of agricultural land to non-farming activities, creation of "Labour Banks" to revive agricultural economy of the Kerala.
India UK Bilateral Trade: Trends, Patterns and Prospects.
(Central University of Punjab, 2017) Bhardwaj, Mandeep; Kaur, Sandeep
International trade acts as an important mean which contributes significantly to economic growth by opening domestic economy to the global level (Sun & Heshmati, 2010). Recently, the trend of South-South and North-North trade agreement has shown a changing landscape towards a North-South agreement. India has shown keen interest to have large global access by setting up its policy covering east as India- ASEAN FTA, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and India-EU FTA is under negotiation process since 2007. Now, BREXIT i.e. U.K exit from EU on 23rd of June 2016, has put before India one of the biggest opportunity to form FTA between India -U.K so as to enhance the trade and make their relation strong. The use of various indices in the study has shown that the trade competitiveness between India and U.K, supports Free Trade Agreement. As of Trade Complementarity and Trade Similarity Index has shown that both the nations have high complementarity in their trade pattern while dissimilarity in their export in the third country which will enhance the trade if FTA is signed between both the countries. For, the SMART Model analysis, it has been found that India would stand benefit when trade alone with United Kingdom than with European Union (excluding U.K) and India gains more with the United Kingdom under full liberalization than restricted trade.
Location determinants of indian outward foreign direct investment: A study of second generation of globalization
(Central University of Punjab, 2015) Singh, Satinder; Kaur, Sandeep
Institutional credit plays an important role in agricultural development as it enables the farmers to undertake new investments and/or use of modern agricultural technologies for enhancing agricultural production. The emphasis on the institutional credit is being placed since the beginning of planned development era in India. As a result, several institutional agencies such as cooperatives, regional rural banks (RRBs), scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) etc. are involved in disbursement of short and long term institutional credit. Besides, acceptance of Rural Credit Survey Committee Report (1954), nationalization of major commercial banks (1969 and 1980), establishment of RRBs (1975), establishment of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) (1982), the financial sector reforms (1991 onwards) etc. led to manifold increase in the flow of institutional credit in agriculture. Similarly, during post reform period, Special Agricultural Credit Plan (1994-95), initiating of Kisan Credit Cards (KCCs) (1998- 99), and Doubling Agricultural Credit Plan within three years (2004) placed emphasis on increase flow of institutional credit. No doubt, these policy level changes have increased flow of institutional credit for agriculture, but many ii changes have also taken place among the various institutional sources in distribution of agricultural credit. It is also argued that large chunk of institutional credit has gone to those states, where green revolution took place and states have higher agricultural productivities than lower productivity states. The study is a step in this direction to examine the growth and pattern in flow of institutional credit in Indian agriculture by various agencies. The study is mainly based on various secondary data sources such as Handbook of Statistics of Indian Economy published by the Reserve Bank of India, Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, Economic Survey of India, etc. during 1980-81 to 2011-12. The structure of the sources of credit has witnessed a clear shift in favor of commercial banks. The share of investment credit in total credit has also declined, which may restrict the agricultural sector to realize its full potential. The study also points that institutional credit delivery to the agriculture sector still continues to be inadequate as about 30% of credit is financed by non-institutional agencies, which includes money lenders. SCBs are still hesitant to disburse agricultural credit to small and marginal farmers. There also exist large inter-state variations in distribution of agricultural credit per hectare and KCCs. Finally, the study concludes that efficiency in the credit delivery system in rural areas should be improved by revamping cooperative credit structure. Also, concerted efforts should also be made to increase the flow of indirect institutional credit for development of infrastructures such as irrigation, electricity, marketing, storage, extension services, etc which will go a long way in improving the productivity of the agricultural sector.
Socio-Economic Implications of Agrarian land acquisition: A case study of Talwandi Sabo power limited, Mansa ( district).
(Central University of Punjab, 2016) Kaur, Jashanpreet; Kaur, Sandeep
India has been facing many problems for the acquisition of the land for the establishment of developmental projects. The agrarian land acquisition has become a serious issue for this. Most of the studies have tried to find out the immediate impact of the land acquisition. After the land acquisition, what type of problems being faced by the land dispossessors have been ignored by many studies. Therefore, the present study has tried to analyze the major requirements and problems faced by the people after the development of the thermal plant. The study also examines the pre and post struggle faced by the land dispossessors. The study concerns with the impact of the large-scale agrarian land acquisition in the context of economic conditions, environment, and health of the local livelihoods. It was in September 2008, the Government of Punjab inaugurated a thermal power plant of 1980 megawatt with three units 660 MW of each in the Banawala village in Mansa district. The 2100 acres agrarian land area was acquired by the State Government of Punjab for setting up thermal power plant from four villages named Banawala, Peron, Raipur and Talwandi Aklia in Mansa district. More than 80 percent landholding villagers were not in favour of the construction of thermal power plant on their land. In Banawala village, the total land is 2900 acre out of which 1450.375 acres was acquired under v TSPL, people have lost their half proportion of land in the process of land acquisition. Total 130 respondents were surveyed out of which 70 land dispossessors, 30 labourers through snowball sampling from purposively selected four villages and 30 employees were selected conveniently from the thermal plant. The majority of the people engaged in agricultural activities before and after land acquisition but the real income of farmers has decreased after land acquisition due to a reduction in the size of their agricultural land and also their engagement in the other allied activities. As a result size of land holdings, return from the crops, 'leased in' and ,leased out, activities, the number of diary animals, agricultural particulars also adversely affected. The average size of land holdings has declined after the land acquisition i.e. from 4.05 hectare to 2.46 hectare. Total owned land has decreased from 283.53 hectares to 120.39 hectares. The compensation amount given to the farmers ranged between from Rs. 9.40 lakhs per acre to Rs. 15.40 lakhs per acre, including displacement allowances, which was less than the announced amount. The study concludes that the problems of land acquisition are due to follow reasons: paying less compensation to the land owners, land acquired for the private projects in the name of public purpose, not providing the alternative source of income to the affected people and ignoring the agricultural labourers. The study suggests that the compensation amount being decided by the government should be based on the actual market price. It also suggests that the government should re-evaluate the existing land acquisition norms in India. The agricultural land acquired for the purpose of development projects will make the agricultural population unemployed due to the multiples externalities of the projects, which are unskilled to fetch other jobs apart from aggravating the problem of food security in future.
Trends and patterns of india's high technology exports with special reference to pharmaceutical products
(Central University of Punjab, 2014) Manisha; Kaur, Sandeep
Diversification of a country's exports plays an important role in the economic growth of the developing countries. These countries are trying to increase its exports by exporting high technology products and improve their ranking in the world trade. India is no exception to this. The present study is an attempt to examine the competitiveness of pharmaceutical exports in India's high technology exports, which is the largest sector amongst high technology commodities, with the US and Russian Federation by calculating different indices like Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) and Intra Industry Trade (IIT) during 1991-2012. An attempt is also made to study some of the important issues of TRIPS related to India's pharmaceutical exports. An extensive research effort has been made to comprehend the composition and direction of India's Pharmaceutical exports with its top two export partners i.e. US and Russia using these indices. The empirical result of the study revealed that India has revealed comparative advantage in maximum pharmaceutical products with these two countries. The policy of the country regarding the international trade has under gone various changes since liberalization, as a result of the emergence of Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Further, the result of the study also explained that TRIPS has a positive impact on India's pharmaceutical exports. The study also revealed that domestic companies are more R&D oriented than foreign companies. The positive correlation of R&D expenditure and exports has been found in Indian Pharmaceutical companies. For India to become a top player in the global pharmaceutical business, the government of India needs to support foreign investments in pharmaceuticals sector in order to overcome the stiff competition in the global pharmaceutical market.