Department Of Microbiology
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Item Nano-immunomodulators: prospective applications to combat drug resistant bacterial infections and related complications(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2023-11-08T00:00:00) Chand, Umesh; Kushawaha, Pramod KumarAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing problem in our healthcare sector, it can make infections more difficult and expensive to treat and lead to treatment failure and increased risk of death. Currently, at least 700,000 people worldwide die each year from AMR. Alternative methods for mitigating drug-resistant bacterial infections are desperately needed because of the unacceptably low rate of conventional antibiotic discovery. Therefore, the implementation of various therapeutic strategies is necessary to deal with drug-resistant bacteria and immunomodulation is one of them which is highly encouraged through various studies. Immunomodulators are different biological or synthetic substances that possess the capability of inducing, suppressing, or overall modulating the innate and adaptive immune system. Some phytochemicals, including flavonoids, glycosides, polysaccharides, terpenoids, essential oils, peptides, synthetic molecules, and synthetic biomaterials, can play a crucial role in the fight against bacterial infections directly or indirectly by enhancing the activity of existing antibiotics or by boosting immunity. Nanotechnology can be used to modulate immune responses through various fabrication methods and strategies of design and for drug formulation by encapsulating potential compounds/molecules in the form of nanoparticles and by surface modification or capping of nanomaterials. This approach can improve drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability, reduce toxicity, and help to increase the effectiveness of drugs against resistant microorganisms. This review aims to provide current developments in the field of immunomodulators of different origins that can be combined with nanotechnology and exploited as potential future drugs or adjuvants to fight drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. � 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.Item Human anaerobic microbiome: a promising and innovative tool in cancer prevention and treatment by targeting pyruvate metabolism(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023-10-26T00:00:00) Om, Hari; Chand, Umesh; Kushawaha, Pramod KumarIntroduction: Even in present-day times, cancer is one of the most fatal diseases. People are overwhelmed by pricey chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and other costly cancer therapies in poor and middle-income countries. Cancer cells grow under anaerobic and hypoxic conditions. Pyruvate is the final product of the anaerobic glycolysis pathway, and many cancer cells utilize pyruvate for their growth and development. The anaerobic microbiome produces many anti-cancer substances that can act as anti-tumor agents and are both feasible and of low cost. There are different mechanisms of action of the anaerobic microbiome, such as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and competition for the anaerobic environment includes the metabolic product pyruvate to form lactic acid for energy. Key findings: In this review, we have summarized the role of the metabolic approach of the anaerobic human microbiome in cancer prevention and treatment by interfering with cancer metabolite pyruvate. SCFAs possess decisive outcomes in condoning almost all the hallmarks of cancer and helping the spread of cancer to other body parts. Studies have demonstrated the impact and significance of using SCFA, which results from anaerobic bacteria, as an anti-cancer agent. Anaerobic bacteria-based cancer therapy has become a promising approach to treat cancer using obligate and facultative anaerobic bacteria because of their ability to penetrate and increase in an acidic hypoxic environment. Significance: This review attempts to provide the interconnection of cancer metabolism and anaerobic microbiome metabolism with a focus on pyruvate metabolism to understand and design unique anaerobic microbiota-based therapy for cancer patients. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. � 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.Item Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections in HIV patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis(Nature Research, 2023-07-08T00:00:00) Akanksha, Kumari; Kumari, Ashu; Dutta, Omprokash; Prasanth, Ajay; Deeba, Farah; Salam, NasirSoil-transmitted Helminth (STH) infections have been found associated with people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) but little is known about the overall burden of STH coinfection in HIV patients. We aimed to assess the burden of STH infections among HIV patients. Relevant databases were systematically searched for studies reporting the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthic pathogens in HIV patients. Pooled estimates of each helminthic infection were calculated. The odds ratio was also determined as a measure of the association between STH infection and the HIV status of the patients. Sixty-one studies were finally included in the meta-analysis, consisting of 16,203 human subjects from all over the world. The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides infection in HIV patients was found to be 8% (95% CI 0.06, 0.09), the prevalence of Trichuris trichiura infection in HIV patients was found to be 5% (95% CI 0.04, 0.06), the prevalence of hookworm infection in HIV patients was found to be 5% (95% CI 0.04, 0.06), and prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in HIV patients was found to be 5% (95% CI 0.04, 0.05). Countries from Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America & Caribbean and Asia were identified with the highest burden of STH-HIV coinfection. Our analysis indicated that people living with HIV have a higher chance of developing Strongyloides stercoralis infections and decreased odds of developing hookworm infections. Our findings suggest a moderate level of prevalence of STH infections among people living with HIV. The endemicity of STH infections and HIV status both are partially responsible for the burden of STH-HIV coinfections. � 2023, The Author(s).Item Cyanobacteria-mediated heavy metal and xenobiotic bioremediation(Springer Nature, 2023-06-24T00:00:00) Lalrokimi, X.; Mehetre, Gajanan; Zothanpuia, X.; Singh, Bhim Pratap; Yadav, Mukesh Kumar; Lalnunmawii, EstherOverpopulation and industrialization are the leading cause of environmental pollution. However, environmental pollutants such as xenobiotics and heavy metals are of more concern because of their toxicity; in addition, the degradation of both compounds is impossible and persists in the environment for a longer time. Photoautotrophic microorganism such as cyanobacteria is considered to be the potential organism in the process of bioremediation because of its ability to photosynthetically break down toxic heavy metals and xenobiotic compounds into less toxic forms. It is also known to be conventional, eco-friendly, and cost-effective. This chapter highlighted the capability of different genera of cyanobacteria in the biodegradation of heavy metals and xenobiotics. � The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.Item Understanding the multifaceted role of miRNAs in Alzheimer�s disease pathology(Springer, 2023-07-28T00:00:00) Kaur, Sharanjot; Verma, Harkomal; Kaur, Sukhchain; Gangwar, Prabhakar; Yadav, Anuradha; Yadav, Bharti; Rao, Rashmi; Dhiman, Monisha; Mantha, Anil KumarSmall non-coding RNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression by binding to mRNA and mediating its degradation or inhibiting translation. Since miRNAs can regulate the expression of several genes, they have multiple roles to play in biological processes and human diseases. The majority of miRNAs are known to be expressed in the brain and are involved in synaptic functions, thus marking their presence and role in major neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer�s disease (AD). In AD, amyloid beta (A?) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are known to be the major hallmarks. The clearance of A? and tau is known to be associated with miRNA dysregulation. In addition, the ?-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE 1), which cleaves APP to form A?, is also found to be regulated by miRNAs, thus directly affecting A? accumulation. Growing evidences suggest that neuroinflammation can be an initial event in AD pathology, and miRNAs have been linked with the regulation of neuroinflammation. Inflammatory disorders have also been associated with AD pathology, and exosomes associated with miRNAs are known to regulate brain inflammation, suggesting for the role of systemic miRNAs in AD pathology. Several miRNAs have been related in AD, years before the clinical symptoms appear, most of which are associated with regulating the cell cycle, immune system, stress responses, cellular senescence, nerve growth factor (NGF)�signaling, and synaptic regulation. Phytochemicals, especially polyphenols, alter the expression of various miRNAs by binding to miRNAs or binding to the transcriptional activators of miRNAs, thus control/alter various metabolic pathways. Awing to the sundry biological processes being regulated by miRNAs in the brain and regulation of expression of miRNAs via phytochemicals, miRNAs and the regulatory bioactive phytochemicals can serve as therapeutic agents in the treatment and management of AD. � 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.Item Burden of dengue, leishmaniasis and lymphatic filariasis in India and its states from 1990�2019: Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD 2019)(Public Library of Science, 2023-10-18T00:00:00) Dutta, Omprokash; Prasanth, Ajay; Kumari, Ashu; Akanksha, Kumari; Deeba, Farah; Salam, NasirVector-borne diseases such as dengue, leishmaniasis, and lymphatic filariasis, constitute significant sources of illness, disability, and mortality among the poor and vulnerable in many countries around the world, including India. Based on the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study 2019, we analyse the burden of dengue, leishmaniasis, and lymphatic filariasis, in India from 1990 to 2019. Over this period, there was a reduction in the burden of lymphatic filariasis and leishmaniasis. Notably, dengue emerged as the most common vector-borne disease, exhibiting high fatality rate above 15 years of age and the highest DALY within 15�49 age group. Additionally, dengue cases surged substantially between 1990 and 2019. Leishmaniasis related mortality and DALY declined in the year 2019 compared to the year 1990, with high mortality and DALY in the 0-49-year-old age group. For lymphatic filariasis, DALY was more pronounce among those in the 15�49-year age group, which underwent reduction in 2019. Males had a higher burden in other vector-borne diseases than females, although females had a slightly elevated dengue burden. These findings highlight the evolving epidemiological trends related to vector-borne diseases in India, over the last three decades and underline the critical significance of sustained efforts for the elimination and control of vector-borne diseases. � 2023 Dutta et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Item Precisely designed oxazolonaphthoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-based sensor for the detection of Fe3+ and DCP with cell imaging application(Elsevier B.V., 2023-05-17T00:00:00) Kathuria, Vishal; Kiran; Rani, Payal; Mayank; Joshi, Gaurav; Kumar, Roshan; Sindhu, Jayant; Kumar, Parvin; Negi, Arvind; Kumar, SudhirTwo new turn-off fluorescent sensors (V3 and V4) presented in the article revealed the potential application for the precise detection of Fe3+ and diethylchlorophosphate (DCP). These sensors include oxazolonaphthoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine scaffold integrated with anthracene and pyrene-based framework. This design has facilitated the twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) and planarised intramolecular charge transfer (PLICT) mechanisms, which were confirmed using computational and photophysical studies. The V3 and V4 fluorescent probes were particularly sensitive and highly selective for detecting Fe3+ and DCP analytes. For Fe3+, V3 and V4 undergo turn-off mechanism with the detection limit of 14.1 and 4.5 nM, respectively. Intracellular detection of Fe3+ via confocal live cell imaging was also demonstrated, showing its application under intracellular conditions. Our experimental data revealed the promises of V3 and V4 for instantaneous, accurate and on-spot monitoring of Fe3+ and DCP, even in the presence of other interfering analytes. � 2023 Elsevier B.V.Item Colistin Resistance and Management of Drug Resistant Infections(Hindawi Limited, 2022-12-10T00:00:00) Sharma, Juhi; Sharma, Divakar; Singh, Amit; Sunita, KumariColistin resistance is a globalized sensible issue because it has been considered a drug of the last-line resort to treat drug-resistant bacterial infections. The product of the mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) gene and its variants are the significant causes of colistin resistance, which is emerging due to the frequent colistin use in veterinary, and these genes circulate among the bacterial community. Apart from mcr genes, some other intrinsic genes and proteins are also involved in colistin resistance. Researchers focus on the most advanced genomics (whole genome sequencing), proteomics, and bioinformatics approaches to explore the question of colistin resistance. To combat colistin resistance, researchers developed various strategies such as the development of newer drugs, the repurposing of existing drugs, combinatorial treatment by colistin with other drugs, a nano-based approach, photodynamic therapy, a CRISPRi-based strategy, and a phage-based strategy. In this timeline review, we have discussed the development of colistin resistance and its management in developing countries. � 2022 Juhi Sharma et al.Item Staphylococcus aureus vaccine strategy: Promise and challenges(Elsevier GmbH, 2023-03-13T00:00:00) Chand, Umesh; Priyambada, Pragnya; Kushawaha, Pramod KumarStaphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a leading and crucial infectious threat to global public health due to the widespread emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains such as Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA). MRSA infects immunocompromised patients and healthy individuals and has rapidly spread from the healthcare setting to the outside community. The development of flawless vaccines become a medical need worldwide against multi-drug resistant S. aureus. Therefore, protection by an immune-based strategy may provide valuable measures to contain the spread of invasive S. aureus infections. Several vaccine candidates have been prepared which are either in the preclinical phase or in the early clinical phase, whereas several candidates have failed to show a protective efficacy in human subjects. Currently, research is focusing on identifying novel vaccine formulations able to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses. Several approaches have also been made to the development of monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies for passive immunization to protect against S. aureus infections. In recent years, a multi-epitope vaccine has emerged as a novel platform for subunit vaccine design by using computational approaches. Therefore, in this review, we have summarized and discussed the mechanistic overview of different strategies used to develop potential vaccine candidates and passive interventions which are in different stages of clinical trials to fight multi-drug resistant S. aureus infections. � 2023 Elsevier GmbHItem A meta-analysis on the prevalence of Taenia solium and Taenia saginata infections in India(Oxford University Press, 2023-04-20T00:00:00) Balodhi, Ashutosh; Jain, Khushi; Gupta, Palak; Deeba, Farah; Salam, NasirTapeworm infections in humans are considered to be a significant public health menace. Despite its public health importance, the data on tapeworm infection remains fragmented and underutilised. The present study reviews the overall burden and distribution of taeniasis and cysticercosis caused by Taenia solium and Taenia saginata in India by conducting a systematic review of the scientific literature based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Data from 19 eligible articles were analysed and the prevalence of T. solium�associated taeniasis/cysticercosis was found to be 11.06% (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.856 to 16.119) and the prevalence of T. saginata�associated taeniasis was found to be 4.7% (95% CI 3.301 to 6.301). This systematic review and meta-analysis provides a comprehensive analysis of the available literature on tapeworm infections and assesses the burden of Taenia infection from India, identifying areas of high prevalence requiring active surveillance and public health interventions. � The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.