Department Of Pharmacology
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Item Bacillus Calmette-Gu�rin Vaccine Attenuates Haloperidol-Induced TD-like Behavioral and Neurochemical Alteration in Experimental Rats(2023-11-20T00:00:00) Yedke, Narhari Gangaram; Upadhayay, Shubham; Singh, Randhir; Jamwal, Sumit; Ahmad, Sheikh F.; Kumar, PuneetTardive dyskinesia (TD) is a hyperkinetic movement disorder that displays unusual involuntary movement along with orofacial dysfunction. It is predominantly associated with the long-term use of antipsychotic medications, particularly typical or first-generation antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis are major pathophysiological mechanisms of TD. The BCG vaccine has been reported to suppress inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis and exert neuroprotection via several mechanisms. Our study aimed to confirm the neuroprotective effect of the BCG vaccine against haloperidol-induced TD-like symptoms in rats. The rats were given haloperidol (1 mg/kg, i.p.) for 21 days after 1 h single administration of the BCG vaccine (2 � 107 cfu). Various behavioral parameters for orofacial dyskinesia and locomotor activity were assessed on the 14th and 21st days after haloperidol injection. On the 22nd day, all rats were euthanized, and the striatum was isolated to estimate the biochemical, apoptotic, inflammatory, and neurotransmitter levels. The administration of the BCG vaccine reversed orofacial dyskinesia and improved motor function in regard to haloperidol-induced TD-like symptoms in rats. The BCG vaccine also enhanced the levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH) and reduced prooxidants (MDA, nitrite) and pro-apoptotic markers (Cas-3, Cas-6, Cas-9) in rat brains. Besides this, BCG treatment also restored the neurotransmitter (DA, NE, 5-HT) levels and decreased the levels of HVA in the striatum. The study findings suggest that the BCG vaccine has antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and neuromodulatory properties that could be relevant in the management of TD.Item Treatment of diabetic complications: do flavonoids holds the keys?(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2023-07-12T00:00:00) Chalotra, Rishabh; Gupta, Tanya; Chib, Shivani; Amanat, Muhammed; Kumar, Puneet; Singh, RandhirDiabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrinological disorder in which blood sugar levels get elevated and if unmanaged, it leads to several critical complications. Existing therapies or drugs are not able to attain absolute control of DM. Moreover, associated side/adverse effects associated with pharmacotherapy further worsen the Quality of life of patients. Present review is focused on therapeutical potential of flavonoids in management of diabetes and diabetic complications. Plenteous literature has established significant potential of flavonoids in the treatment of diabetes and diabetic complications. A number of flavonoids are found to be effective in treatment of not only diabetes but progression of diabetic complication was also found to be attenuated with the use of flavonoids. Moreover, SAR studies of some flavonoids also indicated the that efficacy of flavonoids is increased with a change in functional group of flavonoids in the treatment of diabetes and diabetic complications. A number of clinical trials are into action to investigate the therapeutic potential of flavonoids as first-line drugs or as adjuvants for treatment of diabetes and diabetic complications. Owing to their diverse mechanism of action, efficacy and safety, flavonoids may be conscripted as potential candidate for treatment of diabetic complications. � 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Item In Silico Study of the Structural Disruption of 14?-demethylase Induced by the Binding of Terminalia chebula Constituents(Bentham Science Publishers, 2023-07-11T00:00:00) Rani, Nidhi; Singh, Randhir; Kumar, Praveen; Verma, NitinBackground: Since ancient times, medicinal plants have been in use in medicine and daily life. Objective: To develop new antifungal compounds with low toxicity and high efficacy followed by high bioavailability, the constituents of Terminalia chebula were studied. Methods: The chemical constituents of the plant were evaluated for antifungal potential via Molergo Virtual Docker against the enzyme 14?-demethylase. Results: The study depicted that tannins exhibited very good potential against the enzyme and could be used further for lead development. Conclusion: The study revealed that the plant possessed various constituents with potential antifungal properties and low toxicity. � 2024 Bentham Science Publishers.Item Sources and Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals Residue in the Aquatic Environment(CRC Press, 2023-06-29T00:00:00) Chaudhary, Rishabh; Chalotra, Rishabh; Singh, RandhirLarge amounts of pharmaceutical items are wasted or are not utilized effectively for a variety of reasons, and as a result, they wind up in the water and have an adverse effect on aquatic ecosystems, and ultimately destroy biodiversity in aquatic life. All these actions directly affect the human�s life. There are several types of pharmaceutical wastes, and their inappropriate disposal in the environment has hazardous effects on humans, animals, as well as on the ecosystem. Pharmaceutical waste enters into the environment via several routes and gets mixed into the soil and water system which affects aquatic life. There are several methods for the disposal of pharmaceutical waste into the environment which can lessen the damage produced by this pharmaceutical waste to the ecosystem. The present chapter emphasizes on the disposal of pharmaceutical waste, veterinary medicines, nuclear medicine waste; biodegradation; and the disposal of antibiotics and their effect on microorganisms in the aquatic environment. � 2024 selection and editorial matter, Vinod Kumar Garg, Ashok Pandey, Navish Kataria, and Caterina Faggio; individual chapters, the contributors.Item Cucurbita pepo seeds improve peripheral neuropathy in diabetic rats by modulating the inflammation and oxidative stress in rats(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023-07-03T00:00:00) Kaur, Navpreet; Kishore, Lalit; Farooq, Shah Asma; Kajal, Anu; Singh, Randhir; Agrawal, Rohini; Mannan, Ashi; Singh, Thakur GurjeetBackground: Cucurbita pepo (C. pepo) is cultivated and used traditionally as vegetable as well as medicine in different parts of the world. The aim of current study was to investigate the potential of C. pepo in attenuation of diabetic neuropathy via using streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes model in male wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Diabetic neuropathy was induced by administration of STZ; 65�mg/kg, i.p. and Nicotinamide (NAD; 230�mg/kg i.p.) and assessed by measuring thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical hyperalgesia and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) in experimental animals. Treatment with different doses of (100, 200 and 400�mg/kg, p.o.) petroleum ether extract of C. pepo (CPE) and hydroethanolic extract of C. pepo (CHE) was started from the 60th day of STZ/NAD administration and continued upto 90th day. Results: CPE and CHE significantly attenuated the behavioural changes including hyperalgesia, allodynia and MNCV linked to diabetic neuropathy. Moreover, the oxidative stress and level of TNF-?, TGF-? and IL-1? was found to be significantly attenuated in experimental animals. Conclusion: Thus C. pepo might ameliorate the progression of diabetic neuropathy via modulation of chronic hyperglycemia and therefore and have therapeutic potential for treatment of diabetic neuropathic pain. � 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.Item Nutrition and neurological disorders(Elsevier, 2023-06-16T00:00:00) Sharma, Prerna; Gangwar, Aishwarya; Rani, Nidhi; Singh, RandhirNutritional intakes, homeostasis of glucose and also of electrolytes, are controlled by the central nervous system which triggers the various sensations. Certain risks are associated with malnutrition that may have severe effects and are a major cause of neurological diseases. About 792 million people from chronic food deficiencies are influenced in the whole world. Acute neurological patients may have a wide range of enhanced metabolism and catabolism seen due to long-term fasting. Acute neurological diseases include spinal cord injuries, traumatic brain injury, cancer, and cerebral vascular accident hemorrhagic or ischemic, whereas chronic neurological diseases include Parkinson's disease, several dementia's and Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Treatment options must include the nutritional evaluation periodically. Also, to rectify the nitrogen balance depletion, intake of nutrition must be enhanced and hyper alimentation must be avoided. � 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Item Zingiber roseum Roscoe. (Zingiberaceae): Current and future perspective(Elsevier B.V., 2023-05-07T00:00:00) Amanat, Muhammed; Gautam, Swati; Chalotra, Rishabh; Lal, Kanhaiya; Gupta, Tanya; Agrawal, Rohini; Mojwar, Somdutt; Singh, RandhirIntroduction: A perennial, aromatic, tuberose plant Zingiber roseum (Roscoe.) (Zingiberaceae), flourishes in tropical and subtropical climates. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, several pharmacological properties of Zingiber roseum have been reported its antiseptic, antivertigo, and antidiarrheal activities. Therefore, the present article aims to provide insights into the ethnomedicinal, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Zingiber roseum. Methods: The literature was compelled after systematically searching scientific databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Research Gate. The selection criteria for the plant comprised the therapeutic potential of Zingiber roseum and its active components. Moreover, to explore anti-diabetic activity, ligands of interest from Z. roseum were evaluated for their affinity towards PPAR-? and PPAR-?. Results and discussions: Out of 200 articles, 140 were selected for the current study, and from the para-topic literature, it was found that Zingiber roseum has numerous pharmacological properties due to the presence of phytoconstituents like flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic chemicals, terpenoids, saponins, and phytosterols. Furthermore, in silico studies were carried out using PyRx. It was found that rosmarinic acid (-8.3 kcal/mol) and stigmasterol (-11.12 kcal/mol) exhibited the highest binding affinities for PPAR-? and PPAR-?, respectively, when compared to standard Rosiglitazone. Conclusion: It may be concluded that Z. roseum has several therapeutic activities. Moreover, in silico studies revealed the anti-diabetic action of Z. roseum via modulation of PPAR-? and PPAR-?. � 2023 The Author(s)Item Exploring graphene and its potential in delivery of drugs and biomolecules(Editions de Sante, 2023-04-11T00:00:00) Saharan, Renu; Paliwal, Sarvesh K.; Tiwari, Abhishek; Tiwari, Varsha; Singh, Randhir; Beniwal, Suresh Kumar; Dahiya, Preeti; Sagadevan, SureshGraphene hailed as the �wonder material� of the 21st century has achieved widespread advancements in various disciplines such as applied science and medical science. Due to its unique properties such as selectivity, greater medicament capacity, chemo-sensitization, and comfort of functionalization, extraordinary energy has been focused to explore its biomedical operation, particularly in chemotherapy, and in the development advanced delivery systems for drugs, biomolecules, and genes in the previous era. Graphene oxide, which may be coupled covalently or non-covalently with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules, has also emerged as a key nano-vector because of its well-defined physicochemical features.Previously, several studies have been demonstrated that the functionalized form of graphene exhibits greater biocompatibility and could be a promising medium for the development of a novel transport mechanism, although few concerns remain their in vivo properties. This review focuses on graphene and its derivatives and their function in nanomedicine, in particularly the transport of drugs and biomolecules, as well as in the future trends and challenges associated with graphene-based materials. � 2023 Elsevier B.V.Item Acute toxicity assessment of methanolic extract of Zingiber roseum (Roscoe.) rhizome in swiss albino mice(Elsevier B.V., 2023-03-25T00:00:00) Amanat, Muhammed; Shahid Ud Daula, A.F.M.; Singh, RandhirIntroduction: The rhizomes of Zingiber roseum plant have been used in traditional medicine to treat several ailments. Regardless of worth, no research has accounted its toxicity potential. So, the study was designed to determine safety and toxicity potential of Zingiber roseum rhizomes (ZRR) in acute oral toxicity model in swiss albino mice. Methods: Acute oral toxicity was assessed as per the guidelines of �The Brazilian Agency of National Health Surveillance'. In an acute toxicity investigation, 300 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg, and 1200 mg/kg of ZRR extract was orally administered to mice. Thereafter, the animals were monitored for 14 days. To analyze any potential toxicity, general behavior of animals, clinical symptoms of poisoning, body weight, biochemical and hematological marker, and liver histology was carried out. Results: Oral dosing of 300, 600, and 1200 mg/kg of crude extract did not produce mortality or any adverse effect in the laboratory animals. The control and treatment groups of mice exhibited similar behavioral characteristics, neurological signs and total body weight during the treatment period of 14 days. The markers of liver damage i.e., ALT and AST, total serum protein, and albumin did not show any significant change between extract-treated and control mice. The extracts also significantly suppressed ALP activity as compared to control. Kidney function was assessed in mice by measuring creatinine and urea level and no change was observed in level of creatinine and urea in experimental animals. Moreover, no alterations were observed in hematological markers and lipid profile (triglyceride and total cholesterol level). In addition, the liver showed normal architecture and no significant adverse consequences on histopathology analysis. Discussion & conclusion: These outcomes propose that LD50 of rhizomes of Z. roseum is higher than 1200 mg/kg b.w. and might be possibly safe for consumption. � 2023 The Author(s)Item Opportunities and challenges in application of artificial intelligence in pharmacology(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023-01-09T00:00:00) Kumar, Mandeep; Nguyen, T. P. Nhung; Kaur, Jasleen; Singh, Thakur Gurjeet; Soni, Divya; Singh, Randhir; Kumar, PuneetArtificial intelligence (AI) is a machine science that can mimic human behaviour like intelligent analysis of data. AI functions with specialized algorithms and integrates with deep and machine learning. Living in the digital world can generate a huge amount of medical data every day. Therefore, we need an automated and reliable evaluation tool that can make decisions more accurately and faster. Machine learning has the potential to learn, understand and analyse the data used in healthcare systems. In the last few years, AI is known to be employed in various fields in pharmaceutical science especially in pharmacological research. It helps in the analysis of preclinical (laboratory animals) and clinical (in human) trial data. AI also plays important role in various processes such as drug discovery/manufacturing, diagnosis of big data for disease identification, personalized treatment, clinical trial research, radiotherapy, surgical robotics, smart electronic health records, and epidemic outbreak prediction. Moreover, AI has been used in the evaluation of biomarkers and diseases. In this review, we explain various models and general processes of machine learning and their role in pharmacological science. Therefore, AI with deep learning and machine learning could be relevant in pharmacological research. � 2023, The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences.