Department Of Biochemistry And Microbial Sciences

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    Assessment of Extract of Syzygium cumini Against Doxorubicin Induced Cardiotoxicity
    (Central University of Punjab, 2018) Chayan, Mukherjee; Monisha Dhiman
    For the past four decades, doxorubicin (DOX) has been used to treat cancer, mainly solid tumours and haematological malignancies. However, clinical community is greatly concerned regarding the administration of this as DOX treatment is commonly associated with dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Attempts at alleviating drug generated cardiac damage using an extract from different parts of plants with radical scavenging property are a promising area of research. Hydroalcoholic extract derived from fruit pulp of Syzygiumcumini which has a significant antiradical scavenging effect. This study aims to assess the effect of parallel administration of SC fruit pulp extract (SC) on mitigating or preventing DOX induced cardiotoxicity in vitro using H9c2 cardiomyoblast cell lines. Addition of SC fruit pulp extract and DOX were performed for both treatment and control sets on H9c2 cells. SC fruit pulp extract showed strong ABTS cation radical scavenging activity in a dose dependent manner. MTT assay was used to study the cytotoxic effect of SC fruit pulp extract and DOX. ROS levels were estimated using NBT assay and DHE assay. The results showed that DOX has significant cytotoxic effect in a dose dependent manner while SC fruit pulp extract did not display any significant cytotoxicity on H9c2 cells. The DOX induced ROS production was found to be significantly reduced in SC fruit pulp extract treated cells. Results of the current study also suggest that the treatment of SC fruit pulp extract along with DOX, displayed cardioprotective potential in H9c2 cells by: 1) reducing lipid peroxidation; 2) decreasing extracellular nitric oxide (NO); 3) decreasing the expression of the protein p47phox and iNOS/NOS-2. These results clearly suggest that treatment of SC fruit pulp extract along with DOX reduces the DOX induced toxicity and hence can be a promising therapeutic intervention in managing DOX mediated cardiotoxicity.
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    Oxidative Stress in Invertebrate Systems
    (InTech, 2016) Chaitanya, R. K.; Shashank, Kumar; Sridevi, P.
    Invertebrates have been valuable research models in the discovery of many scientific principles owing to the numerous advantages they provide. Throughout the life cycle, many of them thrive in pathogen-rich environments, manage harsh weathers, exposed to a number of allochemicals, and adapt well to both terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Their remarkable ability to cope up with the enormous oxidative stress generated in all these circumstances, make them attractive models in this field of research. Endocrine control of oxidative stress in insects is recently emerging. Adipokinetic hormone, glucagon, ecdysteroids and juvenile hormone have been implicated in antioxidative protective role in insects. Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans have provided the largest body of evidence addressing the free radical theory of ageing. Oxidative stress is also induced by pesticides/insecticides. In mollusks, pesticides exert their biological effects via generation of ROS. Oxidative stress has been shown to be associated with exposure to several organophosphorous compounds and different classes of pyrethroids. Malathion is a potential hazard to the environment. Adverse effects induced by malathion in earthworms and insects have been reported. Information is now available in great detail on the role of ROS in modulating insect immunity during parasite invasion and bacterial infection. In Drosophila melanogaster ROS are actively produced in the midgut at a basal level in the presence of commensal microbiota and highly generated upon bacterial challenge. The involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mosquito immunity against bacteria and Plasmodium was investigated in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. The concentration of ROS increased in sand fly midguts after they fed on the insect pathogen Serratia marcescens. Elevated oxidative stress was previously reported for a mosquito line experimentally infected with Wolbachia, indicating that oxidative stress may be important for Wolbachia-mediated antiviral protection. In a nutshell, this chapter highlights the current advances of oxidative stress in invertebrate model systems and its implications.