School Of Health Sciences

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    Various Cellular and Molecular Axis Involved in the Pathogenesis of Asthma
    (Springer Nature, 2021-07-02T00:00:00) Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur; Khurana, Amit; Garabadu, Debapriya; Gupta, Prashant; Jawalekar, Snehal Sainath; Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh; Navik, Umashanker
    Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease described by impaired lung function, airway hyperresponsiveness, episodic wheezing, and dyspnea. Asthma prevalence has risen drastically, and it is estimated that more than 339 million individuals worldwide had asthma with marked heterogeneity in pathophysiology and etiology. Several factors involved in the progression and development of asthma include allergens, pollutants, obesity, viruses, antigens, and many more, eliciting strong inflammatory and immune responses, causing airflow obstruction, and tightening of respiratory smooth muscle causing the characteristic asthma symptoms. Multiple complex molecular pathways are involved in asthma pathophysiologies such as immunoglobulin E, cytokines, nitric oxide, dendritic cells, leukotrienes, oxidative stress, and inflammatory infiltrate of mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, innate immunity, and many more. The current chapter focuses on illustrating the various molecular pathways that contribute to asthma development and its progression. � The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.
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    Obesity-Induced Chronic Low-Level Inflammation and Cancers
    (Springer Singapore, 2021-07-18T00:00:00) Bhattacharya, Neetu; Maurya, Shashank Kumar; Bhattacharya, Amit; Senapati, Sabyasachi
    The World Health Organization (WHO) has highlighted �overweight and obesity� as a public health concern and a significant risk factor for several chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. The association between the different factors that can lead to the chronic inflammatory condition in the obese persons and their effect in tumorigenesis and several cancers (esophageal, liver, colon, postmenopausal breast, and endometrial cancers) have been partially unraveled. The functional association between inflammation and cancer is not new. Existing hypotheses of obesity-associated cancer underline direct effects of dietary ingredients or metabolic imbalance in the body. The recent evidences suggest a significant connection between chronic inflammation and cancer risk, possibly involving dietary and metabolic components. In the nineteenth century, Virchow first addressed the involvement of immune cells in tumorigenesis (Balkwill and Mantovani, The Lancet 357:539�545, 2001). The mediators and cellular effectors of inflammation are essential components of the tumor microenvironment and are more likely to contribute to tumor growth, its development and immunosuppression (Coussens and Werb, Nature 420:860�867, 2002). A strong relationship of chronic inflammation with malignant diseases can be traced in several individuals with inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Ulcerative colitis and Crohn�s disease, also developing colon carcinogenesis. Further, hepatitis C infection in the hepatic cells has been predisposed to liver carcinoma. Understanding these molecular pathways of cancer-related inflammation could lead to identification of new target molecules for improved diagnosis and treatment regimes. In this chapter, we will critically discuss the roles of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and inflammatory signaling pathways related to obesity and cancer risk. � The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Taylor and Francis Pte Ltd. 2021.