Department Of Environmental Science And Technology
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Item Sustainable utilization and treatment of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) weed biomass using vermitechnology(Springer, 2023-07-18T00:00:00) Gupta, Renuka; Mago, Monika; Garg, Vinod KumarThe present research is an attempt to manage Barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli), a common rice weed, sustainably by vermicomposting technology. Echinochloa crus-galli (EC) biomass blended with cow dung in combination: 20:80, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, and 80:20 with two controls 100% CD and 100% EC were vermicomposted�for 63�days. Earthworms could not grow well in feedstocks having higher percentage of EC. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total available phosphorus and total potassium in final vermicomposts were in the range of 13.6�21.5�g�kg?1, 11.8�15.9�g�kg?1, and 20.1�27.6�g�kg?1, respectively. Respiration rate (42�98 mgCO2 kg?1 VC 48�h?1) confirms vermicompost maturity and falls within the recommended limits (< 120 mgCO2 kg?1 VC 48�h?1). Vermicomposting process reduced the weed mass by 2.20�3.03 folds depicting its�effective decomposition. It was inferred from the results�that this weed can be converted into nutrient-rich manure employing vermicomposting and�this process facilitating the management of E. crus-galli in a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable manner. � 2023, International Society for Tropical Ecology.Item Recent Advancement in Nanotechnology for the Treatment of Pharmaceutical Wastewater: Sources, Toxicity, and Remediation Technology(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023-03-11T00:00:00) Kumar, Sandeep; Yadav, Sangita; Kataria, Navish; Chauhan, Amit Kumar; Joshi, Seema; Gupta, Renuka; Kumar, Parmod; Chong, Jun Wei Roy; Khoo, Kuan Shiong; Show, Pau LokeThe textile, paper and pulp, distillery, and pharmaceutical industries are only a few of the many sectors that contribute significantly to the contamination of water bodies and their unsuitability for human use. Pharmaceuticals, which are credited with saving millions of lives in recent decades, have emerged as a new category of environmental hazard. Their prolonged presence in the environment has a number of negative effects, including gene toxicity, hormone interference, antibiotic resistance, the imposition of sex organs, and many others. To ensure that everyone in the world can access to uncontaminated and safe drinking water, it is important to treat pharmaceutical laden wastewater before discharge in fresh water body. Nanotechnology is getting significant attention due to enormous properties such as the high surface area to volume ratio, new optical properties, and desired shape. Nanomaterials might be a strong option for purifying water of a variety of environmental pollutants. This review also touches on several environmental aspects of pharmaceuticals, including (i) the current status of pharmaceuticals production and their use pattern, (ii) sources, occurrence, and transport behaviour of pharmaceuticals, (iii) analysis techniques and potential toxicity of pharmaceuticals and (iv) various conventional and advanced nanotechnology for water remediation. The present review is predominately designed to highlight the progress and major update in advantaged nanotechnology for remediation of pharmaceutical contaminated wastewater. The literature study (2015�2022) critically illustrated the recent pharmaceutical contaminations concerns and remediation efforts emphasizing nanotechnology like nanoadsorption, AOPs, nano-catalyst, electrochemical degradation and nanomembrane/nanofiltration technology. � 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Item Biogenic fabrication of ZnO@EC and MgO@EC using Eucalyptus leaf extract for the removal of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) ions from water(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023-01-04T00:00:00) Chauhan, Amit Kumar; Kataria, Navish; Gupta, Renuka; Garg, Vinod KumarZinc and magnesium oxide nanoparticles were fabricated using green synthesis method for the sequestration of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) from the aqueous medium. The biogenically prepared ZnO@EC and MgO@EC nanoparticles were successfully loaded on the Eucalyptus. The prepared nanomaterials were characterized using various techniques such as FESEM, TGA, XRD, EDX, FTIR, BET, and elemental mapping. FE-SEM analysis has revealed the surface morphology of ZnO nanoparticles, which were rod-like and spherical in shape, whereas MgO nanoparticles were of irregular shape. Batch mode was selected to remove the hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution using the prepared nanomaterials. The Cr(VI) adsorption was carried out under optimized conditions, viz., pH (3.0), adsorbent dose (0.05�g), contact time (150�min), temperature (25 � 2��C), and initial concentration (50�mg/L). The experimental results were compared using the different isotherm models; The observations have indicated that experimental data fit better with Freundlich (R2 = 0.99) and Langmuir (R2 = 0.99)�isotherms, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of ZnO@EC and MgO@EC for Cr(VI) was found to be 49.3 and 17.4�mg/g, respectively. The regeneration study of the adsorbents was conducted using different desorbing agents viz., ethanol, NaOH, and NaCl. The desorbing agent NaOH performed better and showed removal percentage of 34.24% and 20.18% for ZnO@EC and MgO@EC, respectively, after the three reusability cycles. The kinetics of reaction was assessed using the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The experimental data of both the nanomaterials ZnO@EC and MgO@EC obeyed pseudo-second-order model with correlation coefficient values 0.999 and 0.983, respectively. The thermodynamic study confirmed that adsorption was feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic. The adsorbents were tested for spiked real water which confirms their applicability and potential in real water systems also. The results indicated fair removal of chromium suggesting applicability of both adsorbents. � 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.Item Infusion of fruit-vegetable waste biomass into bakery sludge to enhance nutrient availability and vermicompost maturity using Eisenia fetida(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022-12-23T00:00:00) Gupta, Renuka; Mago, Monika; Garg, Vinod KumarVermicomposting of bakery sludge (BS) was studied when amended with fruit-vegetable waste (FV) and cow dung (CD) with different proportions in vermi-units (VU): VU1(CD100), VU2(CD75BS25), VU3(CD50BS25FV25), VU4(CD25BS25FV50), and VU5(CD25 BS50FV25). Results showed a reduction in pH and total organic carbon and an increase in electrical conductivity, ash content, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium after vermicomposting. Carbon/nitrogen decrease followed: VU3 > VU1 > VU4 > VU2 > VU5, whereas a maximum reduction in carbon/phosphorus (60.7%) was observed in VU3 and a minimum (44.8%) in VU5. Seed germination assay of Cicer arietinum was 71�138% with maximum in VU3. Respiration rates of 69�115 mgCO2 kg?1VC48h?1 were achieved signifying stability and non-toxic impact. The presence of FV waste in vermi-units enhanced earthworm population, biomass, growth rate, and cocoons. VU3 exhibited higher macro- and micronutrients as well as worm growth and fecundity over other vermi-units. Based on results, FV waste and CD amendment at 25% and 50%, respectively, are suggested as appropriate to produce enriched vermicompost from BS using Eisenia fetida. � 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.Item Chemical and physical properties of nanoparticles and hybrid materials(Elsevier, 2022-01-21T00:00:00) Gupta, Renuka; Chauhan, Heena; Garg, Vinod Kumar; Kataria, NavishNanotechnology is one among the fastest emerging fields of science and engineering in which nanostructures are designed, engineered, and fabricated by manipulation of matter in the range from 1 to 100 nm. Scientists and researchers are continuously working on designing and development of micro/nano-sized materials that include nanocomposites, hybrid materials, metal-organic frameworks, doped metal oxides, nanocarbon, functionalized and surface modified nanomaterials, etc. Nanomaterials are synthesized from bulk materials that efficiently enhance and upgrade the chemical and physical properties. The chemical properties of nanomaterials depend on the composition of particles that set the potential of matter to undergo chemical reactions. These mainly include heat of combustion, oxidation, partition coefficient, molecular weight, boiling point, melting point, solubility, stability, flammability, zeta potential, corrosion, reactivity, chemical composition, radioactivity, etc. However, physical properties of nanomaterials depend on the arrangement and state of the particles and are demonstrated by particle size distribution, shape, density, viscosity, crystalline structure, odor, surface area, etc. Due to these properties nanomaterials are the potential candidates for various commercial and domestic applications such as photocatalysis, imaging, redox reaction, agricultural practices, medical diagnosis and therapy, energy-based research, biotechnology, and environmental pollution detection and management. Various techniques used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of nanostructures include scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), etc. This chapter deals with the physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials with a review on their synthesis and analysis method. Applications of nanomaterials in diverse areas have also been discussed in this chapter. � 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Item Sustainable treatment and nutrient recovery from leafy waste through vermicomposting(Elsevier Ltd, 2021-11-22T00:00:00) Mago, Monika; Gupta, Renuka; Yadav, Anoop; Kumar Garg, VinodThe present investigation was carried out to evaluate the vermicomposting potential of two cruciferous vegetables' residual biomasses under laboratory conditions. Cabbage and cauliflower residual biomasses were spiked with 60% cow dung and vermicomposted for 90 days. The results showed a decrease in pH (5.3�9.8%), Total Organic Carbon (36.7�42.8%); increase in Electrical Conductivity (33�99.4%) and ash content (144.7�187.8%) after vermicomposting. Significant reduction in C:N ratio (49.5�76.4%) and C:P ratio (62.8�66.04%), increase in Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (49.3�85.3%), Total Available Phosphorus (68.2�98.1%), Total Potassium (91.8�120.3%) were observed. FT-IR spectra of the vermicomposts had lesser band heights and peak intensities than raw materials. This evidenced decomposition of organic compounds and vermicompost stability. Germination Index values was calculated to determine the phytotoxicity level. Earthworms' growth and prolificacy was evaluated in terms of biomass gain, cocoons production and worm growth rate. Finally, it was inferred that cruciferous vegetables' biomass can be used for vermicomposting. The cauliflower residual biomass has shown better decomposition efficiency than cabbage residual biomass. � 2021 Elsevier LtdItem Management of banana crop waste biomass using vermicomposting technology(Elsevier Ltd, 2021-01-20T00:00:00) Mago, Monika; Yadav, Anoop; Gupta, Renuka; Garg, V.K.This study reports the vermicomposting of banana crop waste biomass by Eisenia fetida. Cow dung has been used as bulking agent in this study. The experiment was conducted in six vermireactors containing different ratios of banana leaf waste biomass (BL) and cow dung (CD) for 105 days. Earthworm activity significantly reduced pH, TOC, C:N and C:P ratio of the wastes. Whereas macronutrients and micronutrients content increased after vermicomposting. TOC content of wastes reduced by 40�64% and C:N ratio of the vermicomposts was in the range of 8.9�24.3. The benefit ratio for heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Zn, Cd, Pb, Mn and Cr) was in the range of 0.23�3.44. The results indicated that the growth and fecundity of the earthworms was best in the vermireactors having 20�40% BL. Finally, it was concluded that vermicomposting can be included in the overall scheme of banana crop waste management. � 2021 Elsevier Ltd