Department Of Environmental Science And Technology

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    Bioremediation for Sustainable Environmental Cleanup
    (CRC Press, 2023-10-19T00:00:00) Malik, Anju; Garg, Vinod Kumar
    The present book, Bioremediation for Sustainable Environmental Cleanup, has a compilation of seventeen chapters comprehensively describing the state-of-the-art on emerging bioremediation approaches employed for sustainable environmental clean-up of diverse environmental pollutants such as metal(loid)s, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dyes, pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons, etc., by using bacteria, fungi, algae, higher plants, and novel materials like biohybrids, nano-biomaterials, and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). Different bioremediation strategies such as biosorption, bioprecipitation, bioaccumulation, biodegradation, biotransformation etc. have been described in detail. The emphasis throughout, however, is on sustainable environmental clean-up. Eminent researchers from various countries located in diverse geographical areas, including Argentina, Canada, Germany, India, Pakistan, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America, have contributed towards the chapters of this book. � 2024 Anju Malik and Vinod Kumar Garg.
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    Bioremediation: A Sustainable Approach for Environmental Cleanup
    (CRC Press, 2023-10-19T00:00:00) Singh, Bharti; Malik, Anju; Garg, Vinod Kumar
    As the world�s population is increasing by the day, the daily basis demands supplied through industries and agriculture have led to the release of contaminants into the environment resulting in a serious threat to human health and the environment. There are so many technologies for the removal of contaminants from the environment including physical, chemical and sophisticated oxidation procedures. These procedures and technologies, however, have their limitations and the end products are also harmful. As a result, there is a need to identify and investigate sustainable and eco-friendly processes that use less chemicals, are economically viable and provide non-toxic final products. One of the such attractive, stable, sustainable and eco-friendly cleaning technique to deal with this issue is Bioremediation. It is an interdisciplinary approach which includes various living organisms from the surroundings to remediate contaminated ecosystems. Toxic compounds are metabolized by many microbes to release CO2 or CH4, water and biomass. These contaminants may be metabolized enzymatically into less toxic or harmless metabolites. Furthermore, the solid waste produced by this technique has been shown to have a potential influence on soil macro- and micronutrients, indicating its use as organic manure. However, bioremediation requires further research before it could be used on a wider scale, with a focus on the environmental implications of the final products. This chapter provides a brief overview of various bioremediation approaches to remediate the polluted environment. � 2024 Anju Malik and Vinod Kumar Garg.
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    Utilization of vermi-incorporated feed for the seed production of two freshwater ornamental fish, Xiphophorus helleri and Poecilia sphenops
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023-10-18T00:00:00) Sharma, Kavita; Garg, Vinod Kumar
    Integrated ornamental pisciculture and vermiculture is an eco-friendly cleaner technology of resource utilization contributing to the circular economy of a country. The present investigation studied the effect of earthworms, Eisenia fetida, on the seed production of ornamental fishes. Earthworms have a high crude protein and lipid content and are hence utilized as one ingredient for making fish feed, i.e., vermi-incorporated feed. Vermincorporated feed was prepared using different percentages of earthworm powder. Earthworms used for making fish feed were obtained from various vermicomposting experiments. Reproduction of swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri, and black molly, Poecilia sphenops, was assessed at different percentages of vermi-incorporated feed. The results revealed that maximum fry production was at 3% vermi-incorporated feed application in Xiphophorus helleri(293.7�22.7) as well as in Poecilia sphenops�(312.3�4.7). Minimum fry production was when fishes were fed with 1% vermi-incorporated feed. Female biomass was positively correlated (R 2=0.95-0.97) with the mean fry production in different treatments for both species. No mortality or deformities were observed during the experiment. Water quality parameters were in the optimal range for ornamental fish breeding. Results revealed that earthworm protein can be successfully used for the seed production of ornamental fish � 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
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    Co-occurrence of geogenic uranium and fluoride in a semiarid belt of the Punjab plains, India
    (Elsevier B.V., 2023-10-05T00:00:00) Chaudhari, Umakant; Mehta, Madhu; Sahoo, Prafulla Kumar; Mittal, Sunil; Tiwari, Raghavendra P.
    The inordinate presence of uranium (U) and fluoride (F?) in shallow aquifers of arid/semi-arid regions in northern India has raised a serious health concern; the Muktsar district of Punjab is one such example. In the present study, a total of 38 groundwater samples (17 from <100 ft (very shallow; VSL), 21 from >100 to 180 ft (shallow; SL)) were collected from this district to understand the current health risk associated with U and F? and the major factors/processes influencing these contaminants. Groundwater in the study area is mostly alkaline and oxic in nature. The concentration of U ranged from 18.5 ?g/L to 456 ?g/L exceeding the WHO permissible limit (>30 ?g/L) in 93 and 100% samples from VSL and SL respectively, while F? concentration (ranged from 0.3 to 14.4 mg/L) above the limit (>1.5 mg/L) were found in 75 and 57% samples from VSL and SL respectively. As per the depth-wise distribution of U and F?, there is no significant difference between VSL and SL samples, with a few exceptions. Spearman rank correlation (?) shows a significant positive correlation (p-value < 0.05) between U and F? (? = 0.5), and U with total dissolved solid (TDS) (? = 0.5), salinity (? = 0.6), and bicarbonate (HCO3?) (? = 0.7) and a positive association of F? with TDS (? = 0.3), salinity (? = 0.3), and HCO3? (? = 0.3), indicating these parameters are responsible for the co-occurrence of U and F?. Moreover, this geochemical signature is attributed to their geogenic origin. Uranium speciation data show that UO2(CO3)22? and UO2(CO3)34? are dominant species, while F? predominantly occurs as F? species. The regions with high concentration of U and F? in groundwater primarily have mixed type species (Na�HCO3 and NaCl type). Geochemical modelling revealed that the precipitation of calcite, dolomite, and aragonite is favourable for mobility of F? in groundwater. The hazard quotient (HQ) of F? for adults and children exceeds 1 in 57.8% and 65.7% of samples, respectively, while in case of U, 94.7% and 100% samples exceed 1, respectively, indicating the latter is having greater health impact on local people. The current data indicated an urgent demand to develop low-cost and effective remedial techniques to manage groundwater contamination in this region. � 2023
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    Introduction to environmental and green chemistry
    (Elsevier, 2023-09-29T00:00:00) Yadav, Sushma; Yadav, Anoop; Mohan, Chandra; Garg, Vinod Kumar; Kumari, Neeraj
    Both environmental chemistry and green chemistry are important and have a crucial role in the ecosystem; however environmental chemistry discusses about the environmental problems, while green chemistry provides the solution. Green chemistry is new emerging area that strives to achieve the sustainability at the molecular level. Green chemistry generally deals with reduction or minimizing the harmful and toxic chemical products with eco-friendly one. From the past few decades, green chemistry has received a remarkable attention of the researchers due to its ability to achieve environmental and economic goals by doing chemical invention. Through different major modification of green chemistry including renewable feedstocks, biocatalysts, green solvents, dual aims of environmental protection and economic benefits could be achieved. This chapter generally covers the concept of origin of environmental and green chemistry with a cohesive set of 12 principles. � 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Temporal profile of ionic species and n-alkanes composition of PM10 in a rural environment of Western Himalaya
    (Elsevier B.V., 2023-10-13T00:00:00) Kumar, Ajay; Attri, Arun K.
    The temporal profile of PM10 and its composition comprising water-soluble ionic species and n-alkanes studied over the 14 months was segregated into three seasons: winter, summer, and monsoon. The average PM10 concentration exceeds the prescribed National PM10 limits in summer and winter. The PM10 concentration was highest in summer, followed by winter, and lowest in monsoon. Water-soluble inorganic ionic species� major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, and NH4+) and anions (F?, Cl?, NO3? and SO42?) contributed an average 30.7% to PM10. The ionic species displayed significant variation, with the highest concentration in winter and the lowest in the monsoon. The secondary inorganic ions, SO42?, NO3?, and NH4+, contributed 84% to the total ionic mass. The ion balance study revealed a strong correlation between anion and cation charge equivalents, suggesting their main contribution to PM10. The neutralization of NO3? + SO42? with NH4+ suggested, NH4+ being the main neutralizing species. n-alkanes concentration in PM10 was significant and showed seasonal variation, highest in the winters and lowest in monsoon. The source profiling of PM10 components, using statistical correlation, regression, and principal component analysis (PCA), revealed solid-fuel biomass, soil dust, and brick kilns and transported materials as major sources. � 2023 Turkish National Committee for Air Pollution Research and Control
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    Uranium and Fluoride Accumulation in Vegetable and Cereal Crops: A Review on Current Status and Crop-Wise Differences
    (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2023-09-19T00:00:00) Sachdeva, Saloni; Powell, Mike A.; Nandini, Girish; Kumar, Hemant; Kumar, Rakesh; Sahoo, Prafulla Kumar
    Uranium (U) and fluoride (F?) contamination in agricultural products, especially vegetable and cereal crops, has raised serious concerns about food safety and human health on a global scale. To date, numerous studies have reported U and F? contamination in vegetable and cereal crops at local scales, but the available information is dispersed, and crop-wise differences are lacking. This paper reviews the current status of knowledge on this subject by compiling relevant published literatures between 1983 and 2023 using databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Medline, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Based on the median values, F? levels ranged from 0.5 to 177 mg/kg, with higher concentrations in non-leafy vegetables, such as Indian squash �Praecitrullus fistulosus� (177 mg/kg) and cucumber �Cucumis sativus� (96.25 mg/kg). For leafy vegetables, the maximum levels were recorded in bathua �Chenopodium album� (72.01 mg/kg) and mint �Mentha arvensis� (44.34 mg/kg), where more than 50% of the vegetable varieties had concentrations of >4 mg/kg. The concentration of U ranged from 0.01 to 17.28 mg/kg; tubers and peels of non-leafy vegetables, particularly radishes �Raphanus sativus� (1.15 mg/kg) and cucumber �Cucumis sativus� (0.42 mg/kg), contained higher levels. These crops have the potential to form organometallic complexes with U, resulting in more severe threats to human health. For cereal crops (based on median values), the maximum F? level was found in bajra �Pennisetum glaucum� (15.18 mg/kg), followed by chana �Cicer arietinum� (7.8 mg/kg) and split green gram �Vigna mungo� (4.14 mg/kg), while the maximum accumulation of U was recorded for barley �Hordeum vulgare� (2.89 mg/kg), followed by split green gram �Vigna mungo� (0.45 mg/kg). There are significant differences in U and F? concentrations in either crop type based on individual studies or countries. These differences can be explained mainly due to changes in geogenic and anthropogenic factors, thereby making policy decisions related to health and intake difficult at even small spatial scales. Methodologies for comprehensive regional�or larger�policy scales will require further research and should include strategies to restrict crop intake in specified �hot spots�. � 2023 by the authors.
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    Pharmaceuticals in Aquatic Environments: Remediation Technologies and Future Challenges
    (CRC Press, 2023-09-12T00:00:00) Garg, Vinod Kumar; Pandey, Ashok; Kataria, Navish; Faggio, Caterina
    This book covers pharmaceutical residue dispersion in the aquatic environment and its toxic effect on living organisms. It discusses conventional and advanced remediation technologies such as the use of biomaterials for the sequestration of contaminants, nanotechnology, and phytoremediation. The book includes topics such as the removal of pharmaceutical and personal care product residues from water bodies, green chemistry, and legal regimens for pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. It also covers the application of modified biochar in pharmaceutical removal. FEATURES � Explores the management of the environment through green chemistry � Describes phytoremediation technology for decontamination of pharmaceutical-laden water and wastewater � Covers the detection methods and quantification of pharmaceutical residues in various contaminated sources � Discusses ecotoxicological aspects and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment � Reviews degradation and treatment technologies including nanotechnology, biomaterials, and biochar This book is meant for pharmaceutical, toxicology, and environmental science industry experts and researchers. � 2024 selection and editorial matter, Vinod Kumar Garg, Ashok Pandey, Navish Kataria and Caterina Faggio; individual chapters, the contributors.
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    Effect of Compost and Vermicompost Amendments on Biochemical and Physiological Responses of Lady�s Finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Grown under Different Salinity Gradients
    (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2023-07-28T00:00:00) Suhani, Ibha; Srivastava, Vaibhav; Megharaj, Mallavarapu; Suthar, Surindra; Garg, Vinod Kumar; Singh, Rajeev Pratap
    In the coming decades, the pressure to use saline water will increase as most of the natural resources with good water quality are being depleted. In order to avoid more stress on the soil plant system, a better understanding of the type of amendments and their integration with the irrigational water quality of any location-specific region is essential. Utilizing salt-affected lands in the best way possible will facilitate food security for the growing human population. An experiment was conducted with the Abelmoschus esculentus L. plant, irrigated with saline water having different NaCl gradients (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM), to evaluate the biochemical and physiological responses under different salinity gradients. Additionally, the effect of compost and vermicompost amendments in soil on plant responses to the changing salinity of irrigated water was observed. The results suggested that the addition of compost and vermicompost in soil not only suppressed the adverse impact of salinity in plants but also increased soil nutrients (TKN, OC, avail. P, avail. K and avail. Ca contents). Moreover, some biochemical parameters and plant growth parameters showed better traits in such manure-amended setups. The enhancement of proline, phenol, ascorbic acid and lipid peroxidation contents in the leaves of Abelmoschus esculentus L. under high salinity levels suggests some secondary metabolite-mediated response possibly due to stress caused by soil salt accumulations. In summary, crop production could be efficiently maintained in saline water-irrigated areas after amending the soils with appropriate organic manure. � 2023 by the authors.
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    Pharmaceutical Contamination in Water and Wastewater: Remediation Technology and Future Challenges
    (CRC Press, 2023-09-12T00:00:00) Kataria, Navish; Yadav, Sangita; Rose, Pawan Kumar; Garg, Vinod Kumar
    Water is an essential natural resource available on the earth for the use of human beings. Numerous new toxins build up in aquatic habitats due to industrial, agricultural, hospital, and residential discharges. Nowadays, several nations consider pharmaceutical pollution of the aquatic environment a severe environmental issue. Therefore, research focusing on the chemical identification and measurement of these substances, assessing potential biological impacts, and developing and applying state-of-the-art treatment techniques for their removal and/or mineralisation has gained tremendous attention. Conventional treatment techniques generally result in inadequate removal, toxic by-products, and sludge production and are usually ineffective in eliminating new contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals. Additionally, the concentration of these contaminants has not been routinely evaluated since there are no precise discharge regulations. Advanced water treatment techniques are needed to treat pharmaceutical waste effectively. The present chapter discusses the potential methods for remediating pharmaceuticals from water bodies and wastewater streams, as well as advancements in remediation strategies, green chemistry, circular economy, and associated future challenges. � 2024 selection and editorial matter, Vinod Kumar Garg, Ashok Pandey, Navish Kataria and Caterina Faggio; individual chapters, the contributors.