School Of Environment And Earth Sciences
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Item Recent advances in nanotechnology for the improvement of conventional agricultural systems: A review(Elsevier B.V., 2023-05-18T00:00:00) Yadav, Neelam; Garg, Vinod Kumar; Chhillar, Anil Kumar; Rana, Jogender SinghAgriculture provides food and raw materials for the construction, energy, textile and pharmaceutical industries. Recently, agriculture is facing several concerns including climate change, soil degradation, decreasing land holding, urbanization, unsustainable use of natural resources, excessive use of agrochemicals, biodiversity loss, air pollution etc. are some of alarming issues which demand immediate interventions. Conventional agricultural practices could not handle these challenges as they are complex, labour intensive, time-consuming, less efficient, large requirements of crop nutrients and non-targeted. Furthermore, the inefficient use of agrochemicals poses a serious threat to the ecosystem. Therefore, scientists, farmers and policymakers are constantly searching for new techniques to combat existing challenges. Nanotechnology is emerging as the new savior of sustainable agriculture. Besides precision farming, nanosensors have been employed for the detection of crop pathogens and chemically harmful analytes in agri-fields. Moreover, nanorobotics and nano-barcodes have also shown a profound impact on agriculture practices to enhance the yield of agriculture. Further, tremendous applications of nanotools in agriculture are extensively implicated in bioimaging, sensing, photocatalysis and agrochemicals delivery. This review comprehensively discusses diverse tremendous applications of nanotechnology in overcoming the challenges of conventional agronomic practices and future prospects of nanotechnology in agriculture. � 2023 The AuthorsItem Self-assembled nanomaterials for cleansing and bioremediation(Elsevier, 2022-08-12T00:00:00) Kumar, Ravishankar; Vaidh, Sachin; Parekh, Dharni; Vasoya, Nikita; Shah, Milika; Vishwakarma, Gajendra SinghThe development of sustainable and effective solutions for Environmental remediation and cleansing is one of the areas of research and development nowadays. In this regard, conventional treatment systems fail to eradicate aquatic pathogens, toxic metal ions, and industrial waste. The research and development in this area have given rise to a new class of process that is based on self-assemble Nanomaterials (NMs). This Chapter discusses many of those self-assembled NMs like metal-based metal-free, biopolymer-based, and others that have been studied for water and wastewater purification and treatment and removal of various pollutants like heavy metals, dyes, pesticides. It also discusses the design and performance of the different types of nano assemblies that have been utilized in this concern. In addition to that, the chapter also focuses on the different process parameters such as temperature, pH, catalyst-loading, and reaction time that need to attain the maximum efficiency. � 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Item Chemical and physical properties of nanoparticles and hybrid materials(Elsevier, 2022-01-21T00:00:00) Gupta, Renuka; Chauhan, Heena; Garg, Vinod Kumar; Kataria, NavishNanotechnology is one among the fastest emerging fields of science and engineering in which nanostructures are designed, engineered, and fabricated by manipulation of matter in the range from 1 to 100 nm. Scientists and researchers are continuously working on designing and development of micro/nano-sized materials that include nanocomposites, hybrid materials, metal-organic frameworks, doped metal oxides, nanocarbon, functionalized and surface modified nanomaterials, etc. Nanomaterials are synthesized from bulk materials that efficiently enhance and upgrade the chemical and physical properties. The chemical properties of nanomaterials depend on the composition of particles that set the potential of matter to undergo chemical reactions. These mainly include heat of combustion, oxidation, partition coefficient, molecular weight, boiling point, melting point, solubility, stability, flammability, zeta potential, corrosion, reactivity, chemical composition, radioactivity, etc. However, physical properties of nanomaterials depend on the arrangement and state of the particles and are demonstrated by particle size distribution, shape, density, viscosity, crystalline structure, odor, surface area, etc. Due to these properties nanomaterials are the potential candidates for various commercial and domestic applications such as photocatalysis, imaging, redox reaction, agricultural practices, medical diagnosis and therapy, energy-based research, biotechnology, and environmental pollution detection and management. Various techniques used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of nanostructures include scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), etc. This chapter deals with the physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials with a review on their synthesis and analysis method. Applications of nanomaterials in diverse areas have also been discussed in this chapter. � 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Item Electrode modification and its application in microbial electrolysis cell(Elsevier, 2022-02-04T00:00:00) Rani, Gini; Banu, J. Rajesh; Yogalakshmi, K.N.The microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is a sustainable technology that degrades organic substrate to produce hydrogen, an important energy carrier. However, its large-scale practical application is hampered because of several factors including electrodes material, reactor designs, substrates, and high-cost catalysts. Electrodes in particular are fundamental components which determine redox reaction and transport of electric charge. The surface of the electrode is where the equilibrium of redox reaction is established between the electrode surface and the electrolyte (substrate). Therefore, modification of electrodes is emphasized much recently. Modified electrodes have wide application as electrochemical devices, chemical analysis, biosensors, and many more. The electrode modification is carried out to bring improved properties in the electrode by altering its morphology or molecular structure. Apart from high conductivity and low resistance, the modified electrodes develop increased sensitivity, selectivity, corrosion resistance, electrochemical, and chemical stability. They also possess large potential window. Moreover, electrode modification using nanomaterials and conductive polymers favors electrocatalysis process. Studies related to MEC using modified electrodes have reported improved wastewater treatment and hydrogen production along with enhanced energy recovery. In the present chapter, the mechanics of electrode in an electrochemical system, in general, is explained in detail. Moreover, the overview of different techniques for the modification of the electrodes and their applications in MEC has been expensively entailed. � 2022 Elsevier Inc.