School Of Basic And Applied Sciences

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  • Item
    Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Catalyzed One-Pot Three-Component Synthesis of Structurally Diverse 2-Amino-3-cyano Substituted Tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans and Spiropyrans in Water at Room Temperature
    (Springer, 2023-01-16T00:00:00) Banerjee, Bubun; Priya, Anu; Kaur, Manmeet; Sharma, Aditi; Singh, Arvind; Gupta, Vivek Kumar; Jaitak, Vikas
    A facile and convenient method has been developed for the one-pot three-component synthesis of 2-amino-3-cyano substituted tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives from the reactions of aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile and dimedone or 1,3-cyclohexanedione in the presence of a catalytic amount of sodium dodecyl sulphate as an efficient surfactant type catalyst in water at room temperature. Synthesis of 2-amino-3-cyano substituted spiropyrans was also achieved under the same reaction conditions starting from ninhydrin/isatins, malononitrile and dimedone or 1,3-cyclohexanedione. All the reactions were completed within 2.5�h and the desired products afforded in good to excellent yields. Gram scale production of the desired compound was also achieved. Use of water as green solvent, commercially available low cost surfactant type catalyst, high atom economy, excellent yields, energy efficiency, no column chromatographic purifications, reusability of the solvent media, multiple carbon�carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formations are some of the major advantages of this newly developed protocol. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] � 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
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    Glycine Catalyzed One-Pot Three-Component Synthesis of Structurally Diverse 2-Amino Substituted Pyran Annulated Heterocycles in Aqueous Ethanol under Refluxed Conditions
    (Bentham Science Publishers, 2022-12-14T00:00:00) Banerjee, Bubun; Kaur, Manmeet; Sharma, Aditi; Singh, Arvind; Priya, Anu; Gupta, Vivek Kumar; Jaitak, Vikas
    Introduction: A facile, convenient and general method has been developed for the one-pot three-component synthesis of structurally diverse 2-amino pyran annulated heterocycles from the reactions of aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile and various C-H activated acids in the presence of a catalytic amount of glycine as an efficient metal-free organocatalyst in aqueous ethanol under refluxed conditions. Methods: Using this developed protocol, we were able to synthesize a series of structurally diverse 2-amino pyran derivatives viz., 2-amino-4,5-dihydropyrano[3,2-c]chromenes, 2-amino-4,5-dihydropyrano [4,3-b]pyrans, 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromenes, 2'-amino-2,5'-dioxo-5'H-spiro[indoline-3,4'-pyrano [3,2-c]chromene]-3'-carbonitrile and 2'-amino-1,3,5'-trioxo-1,3-dihydro-5'H-spiro[indene-2,4'-pyrano[3,2-c]chromene]-3'-carbonitrile in excellent yields. Result: Synthesis of biologically promising pyrans and spiropyrans, high atom economy, excellent yields, use of metal-free catalyst, less toxic solvents, no chromatographic column purifications, multiple carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formations are some of the major advantages of this newly developed protocol. Conclusion: In conclusion, we have developed a simple, convenient, and efficient method for the synthesis of a series of structurally diverse 2-amino pyran annulated heterocyclic derivatives. � 2022 Bentham Science Publishers.
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    Mandelic acid catalyzed one-pot pseudo three-component synthesis of various trisubstituted methane derivatives at room temperature
    (Arkat, 2022-11-03T00:00:00) Banerjee, Bubun; Singh, Arvind; Sharma, Aditi; Priya, Anu; Kaur, Manmeet; Kaur, Gurpreet; Gupta, Vivek Kumar; Jaitak, Vikas
    A simple, mild, eco-friendly, general and convenient approach has been developed for the synthesis of various trisubstituted methane derivatives via one-pot pseudo three-component reactions between one equivalent of aromatic aldehydes and two equivalents of 6-amino-uracils or dimedone respectively using a catalytic amount of mandelic acid as a low cost, commercially available, efficient organo-catalyst in aqueous ethanol at room temperature. � 2022 Arkat. All rights reserved.
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    Trisodium citrate dihydrate catalyzed one-pot pseudo four-component synthesis of fully functionalized pyridine derivatives
    (Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2022-07-22T00:00:00) Sharma, Aditi; Singh, Arvind; Priya, Anu; Kaur, Manmeet; Gupta, Vivek Kumar; Jaitak, Vikas; Banerjee, Bubun
    A facile and convenient method has been developed for the one-pot pseudo-four component synthesis of fully functionalized pyridine derivatives from the reactions of aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile and thiols in the presence of a catalytic amount of trisodium citrate dihydrate as an efficient metal-free catalyst in aqueous ethanol under refluxed conditions. All the reactions were completed within just 45 minutes and the desired products afforded in excellent yields (90�95%). Gram scale production of the desired compound was also achieved. Synthesis of biologically promising scaffolds, high atom economy, excellent yields, use of metal-free catalyst, less toxic solvents, no column chromatographic purifications, reusability of the solvent media, multiple carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formations are some of the major advantages of this newly developed protocol. � 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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    Global, regional, and national sex differences in the global burden of tuberculosis by HIV status, 1990�2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2021-09-23T00:00:00) Ledesma, Jorge R.; Ma, Jianing; Vongpradith, Avina; Maddison, Emilie R.; Novotney, Amanda; Biehl, Molly H.; Legrand, Kate E.; Ross, Jennifer M.; Jahagirdar, Deepa; Bryazka, Dana; Feldman, Rachel; Abolhassani, Hassan; Abosetugn, Akine Eshete; Abu-Gharbieh, Eman; Adebayo, Oladimeji M.; Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah; Afzal, Saira; Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku; Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad; Ahmadi, Sepideh; Rashid, Tarik Ahmed; Salih, Yusra Ahmed; Aklilu, Addis; Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet; Al Hamad, Hanadi; Alahdab, Fares; Alemayehu, Yosef; Alene, Kefyalew Addis; Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir; Ali, Liaqat; Alipour, Vahid; Alizade, Hesam; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M.; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Amini, Saeed; Amit, Arianna Maever L.; Anderson, Jason A.; Androudi, Sofa; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.; Antony, Catherine M.; Anwer, Razique; Arabloo, Jalal; Arja, Asrat; Asemahagn, Mulusew A.; Atre, Sachin R.; Azhar, Gulrez Shah; Darshan, B.B.; Babar, Zaheer-Ud-Din; Baig, Atif Amin; Banach, Maciej; Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat; Barra, Fabio; Barrow, Amadou; Basu, Sanjay; Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhardwaj, Nikha; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhattacharjee, Natalia V.; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Boloor, Archith; Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich; Buonsenso, Danilo; Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina; Butt, Zahid A.; Carter, Austin; Carvalho, Felix; Charan, Jaykaran; Chatterjee, Souranshu; Chattu, Soosanna Kumary; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Christopher, Devasahayam J.; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Claassens, Mareli M.; Dadras, Omid; Dagnew, Amare Belachew; Dai, Xiaochen; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Dhamnetiya, Deepak; Dianatinasab, Mostafa; Diaz, Daniel; Doan, Linh Phuong; Eftekharzadeh, Sahar; Elhadi, Muhammed; Emami, Amir; Enany, Shymaa; Faraon, Emerito Jose A.; Farzadfar, Farshad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Desideri, Lorenzo Ferro; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Foroutan, Masoud; Frank, Tahvi D.; Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L.; Garcia-Calavaro, Christian; Garg, Tushar; Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle; Ghadiri, Keyghobad; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Golechha, Mahaveer; Goodridge, Amador; Gupta, Bhawna; Gupta, Sapna; Gupta, Veer Bala; Gupta, Vivek Kumar; Haider, Mohammad Rifat; Hamidi, Samer; Hanif, Asif; Haque, Shaful; Harapan, Harapan; Hargono, Arief; Hasaballah, Ahmed I.; Hashi, Abdiwahab; Hassan, Shoaib; Hassankhani, Hadi; Hayat, Khezar; Hezam, Kamal; Holla, Ramesh; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Househ, Mowafa; Hussain, Rabia; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Ilic, Irena M.; Ilic, Milena D.; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah; Itumalla, Ramaiah; Jaafari, Jalil; Jacobsen, Kathryn H.; Jain, Vardhmaan; Javanmardi, Fatemeh; Jayapal, Sathish Kumar; Jayaram, Shubha; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jonas, Jost B.; Joseph, Nitin; Joukar, Farahnaz; Kabir, Zubair; Kamath, Ashwin; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kandel, Himal; Katoto, Patrick D.M.C.; Kayode, Gbenga A.; Kendrick, Parkes J.; Kerbo, Amene Abebe; Khajuria, Himanshu; Khalilov, Rovshan; Khatab, Khaled; Khoja, Abdullah T.; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Kim, Min Seo; Kim, Yun Jin; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Kosen, Soewarta; Koul, Parvaiz A.; Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane; Koyanagi, Ai; Krishan, Kewal; Bicer, Burcu Kucuk; Kumar, Avinash; Kumar, G. Anil; Kumar, Narinder; Kumar, Nithin; Kwarteng, Alexander; Lak, Hassan Mehmood; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Landires, Iv�n; Lasrado, Savita; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; Lee, Wei-Chen; Lin, Christine; Liu, Xuefeng; Lopukhov, Platon D.; Lozano, Rafael; Machado, Daiane Borges; Kunjathur, Shilpashree Madhava; Madi, Deepak; Mahajan, Preetam Bhalchandra; Majeed, Azeem; Malik, Ahmad Azam; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerl�ndio; Mehta, Saurabh; Memish, Ziad A.; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G.; Merie, Hayimro Edemealem; Mersha, Amanual Getnet; Mesregah, Mohamed Kamal; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Mheidly, Nour Mheidly; Misra, Sanjeev; Mithra, Prasanna; Moghadaszadeh, Masoud; Mohammadi, Mokhtar; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammed, Shafu; Molokhia, Mariam; Moni, Mohammad Ali; Al Montasir, Ahmed; Moore, Catrin E.; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Nair, Sanjeev; Nair, Suma; Naqvi, Atta Abbas; Swamy, Sreenivas Narasimha; Nayak, Biswa Prakash; Nazari, Javad; Kandel, Sandhya Neupane; Nguyen, Trang Huyen; Nixon, Molly R.; Nnaji, Chukwudi A.; Ntsekhe, Mpiko; Nu�ez-Samudio, Virginia; Oancea, Bogdan; Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Oren, Eyal; Mahesh, P.A.; Parthasarathi, Ramakrishnan; Kan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh; Pattanshetty, Sanjay M.; Paudel, Rajan; Paul, Pintu; Pawar, Shrikant; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino; Perico, Norberto; Pirestani, Majid; Polibin, Roman V.; Postma, Maarten J.; Pourshams, Akram; Prashant, Akila; Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga; Radfar, Amir; Rafei, Alireza; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahman, Mahfuzar; Rahman, Mosiur; Rahmani, Amir Masoud; Ranasinghe, Priyanga; Rao, Chythra R.; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Reitsma, Marissa B.; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Reta, Melese Abate; Rezaei, Nima; Rezahosseini, Omid; Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh; Rezapour, Aziz; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Roshchin, Denis O.; Sabour, Siamak; Saif-Ur-rahman, K.M.; Salam, Nasir; Kafl, Hossein Samadi; Samaei, Mehrnoosh; Samy, Abdallah M.; Saroshe, Satish; Sartorius, Benn; Sathian, Brijesh; Sawyer, Susan M.; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Seylani, Allen; Shafaat, Omid; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Sharaf, Kiomars; Shetty, Ranjitha S.; Shigematsu, Mika; Shin, Jae Il; Silva, Jo�o Pedro; Singh, Jitendra Kumar; Sinha, Smriti; Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich; Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna; Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.; Steiropoulos, Paschalis; Sufyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale; Tabuchi, Takahiro; Tadesse, Eyayou Girma; Tamir, Zemenu; Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang; Tekalegn, Yohannes; Tesfay, Fisaha Haile; Tessema, Belay; Thapar, Rekha; Tleyjeh, Imad I.; Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan; Tran, Bach Xuan; Tsegaye, Berhan; Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie; Ullah, Anayat; Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David; Tahbaz, Sahel Valadan; Vo, Bay; Vu, Giang Thu; Waheed, Yasir; Walters, Magdalene K.; Whisnant, Joanna L.; Woldekidan, Mesfn Agachew; Wubishet, Befkadu Legesse; Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh; Yazie, Taklo Simeneh Yazie; Yeshaw, Yigizie; Yi, Siyan; Yigit, Vahit; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Yu, Chuanhua; Yunusa, Ismaeel; Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich; Zastrozhina, Anasthasia; Zhang, Zhi-Jiang; Zumla, Alimuddin; Mokdad, Ali H.; Salomon, Joshua A.; Reiner, Robert C.; Lim, Stephen S.; Naghavi, Mohsen; Vos, Theo; Hay, Simon I.; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe
    Background: Tuberculosis is a major contributor to the global burden of disease, causing more than a million deaths annually. Given an emphasis on equity in access to diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in global health targets, evaluations of differences in tuberculosis burden by sex are crucial. We aimed to assess the levels and trends of the global burden of tuberculosis, with an emphasis on investigating differences in sex by HIV status for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Methods: We used a Bayesian hierarchical Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) platform to analyse 21 505 site-years of vital registration data, 705 site-years of verbal autopsy data, 825 site-years of sample-based vital registration data, and 680 site-years of mortality surveillance data to estimate mortality due to tuberculosis among HIV-negative individuals. We used a population attributable fraction approach to estimate mortality related to HIV and tuberculosis coinfection. A compartmental meta-regression tool (DisMod-MR 2.1) was then used to synthesise all available data sources, including prevalence surveys, annual case notifications, population-based tuberculin surveys, and tuberculosis cause-specific mortality, to produce estimates of incidence, prevalence, and mortality that were internally consistent. We further estimated the fraction of tuberculosis mortality that is attributable to independent effects of risk factors, including smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes, for HIV-negative individuals. For individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, we assessed mortality attributable to HIV risk factors including unsafe sex, intimate partner violence (only estimated among females), and injection drug use. We present 95% uncertainty intervals for all estimates. Findings: Globally, in 2019, among HIV-negative individuals, there were 1�18 million (95% uncertainty interval 1�08�1�29) deaths due to tuberculosis and 8�50 million (7�45�9�73) incident cases of tuberculosis. Among HIV-positive individuals, there were 217 000 (153 000�279 000) deaths due to tuberculosis and 1�15 million (1�01�1�32) incident cases in 2019. More deaths and incident cases occurred in males than in females among HIV-negative individuals globally in 2019, with 342 000 (234 000�425 000) more deaths and 1�01 million (0�82�1�23) more incident cases in males than in females. Among HIV-positive individuals, 6250 (1820�11 400) more deaths and 81 100 (63 300�100 000) more incident cases occurred among females than among males in 2019. Age-standardised mortality rates among HIV-negative males were more than two times greater in 105 countries and age-standardised incidence rates were more than 1�5 times greater in 74 countries than among HIV-negative females in 2019. The fraction of global tuberculosis deaths among HIV-negative individuals attributable to alcohol use, smoking, and diabetes was 4�27 (3�69�5�02), 6�17 (5�48�7�02), and 1�17 (1�07�1�28) times higher, respectively, among males than among females in 2019. Among individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, the fraction of mortality attributable to injection drug use was 2�23 (2�03�2�44) times greater among males than females, whereas the fraction due to unsafe sex was 1�06 (1�05�1�08) times greater among females than males. Interpretation: As countries refine national tuberculosis programmes and strategies to end the tuberculosis epidemic, the excess burden experienced by males is important. Interventions are needed to actively communicate, especially to men, the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. These interventions should occur in parallel with efforts to minimise excess HIV burden among women in the highest HIV burden countries that are contributing to excess HIV and tuberculosis coinfection burden for females. Placing a focus on tuberculosis burden among HIV-negative males and HIV and tuberculosis coinfection among females might help to diminish the overall burden of tuberculosis. This strategy will be crucial in reaching both equity and burden targets outlined by global health milestones. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. � 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Global, regional, and national sex differences in the global burden of tuberculosis by HIV status, 1990�2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2021-09-23T00:00:00) Ledesma, Jorge R.; Ma, Jianing; Vongpradith, Avina; Maddison, Emilie R.; Novotney, Amanda; Biehl, Molly H.; Legrand, Kate E.; Ross, Jennifer M.; Jahagirdar, Deepa; Bryazka, Dana; Feldman, Rachel; Abolhassani, Hassan; Abosetugn, Akine Eshete; Abu-Gharbieh, Eman; Adebayo, Oladimeji M.; Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah; Afzal, Saira; Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku; Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad; Ahmadi, Sepideh; Rashid, Tarik Ahmed; Salih, Yusra Ahmed; Aklilu, Addis; Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet; Al Hamad, Hanadi; Alahdab, Fares; Alemayehu, Yosef; Alene, Kefyalew Addis; Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir; Ali, Liaqat; Alipour, Vahid; Alizade, Hesam; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M.; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Amini, Saeed; Amit, Arianna Maever L.; Anderson, Jason A.; Androudi, Sofa; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.; Antony, Catherine M.; Anwer, Razique; Arabloo, Jalal; Arja, Asrat; Asemahagn, Mulusew A.; Atre, Sachin R.; Azhar, Gulrez Shah; Darshan, B.B.; Babar, Zaheer-Ud-Din; Baig, Atif Amin; Banach, Maciej; Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat; Barra, Fabio; Barrow, Amadou; Basu, Sanjay; Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhardwaj, Nikha; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhattacharjee, Natalia V.; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Boloor, Archith; Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich; Buonsenso, Danilo; Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina; Butt, Zahid A.; Carter, Austin; Carvalho, Felix; Charan, Jaykaran; Chatterjee, Souranshu; Chattu, Soosanna Kumary; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Christopher, Devasahayam J.; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Claassens, Mareli M.; Dadras, Omid; Dagnew, Amare Belachew; Dai, Xiaochen; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Dhamnetiya, Deepak; Dianatinasab, Mostafa; Diaz, Daniel; Doan, Linh Phuong; Eftekharzadeh, Sahar; Elhadi, Muhammed; Emami, Amir; Enany, Shymaa; Faraon, Emerito Jose A.; Farzadfar, Farshad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Desideri, Lorenzo Ferro; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Foroutan, Masoud; Frank, Tahvi D.; Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L.; Garcia-Calavaro, Christian; Garg, Tushar; Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle; Ghadiri, Keyghobad; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Golechha, Mahaveer; Goodridge, Amador; Gupta, Bhawna; Gupta, Sapna; Gupta, Veer Bala; Gupta, Vivek Kumar; Haider, Mohammad Rifat; Hamidi, Samer; Hanif, Asif; Haque, Shaful; Harapan, Harapan; Hargono, Arief; Hasaballah, Ahmed I.; Hashi, Abdiwahab; Hassan, Shoaib; Hassankhani, Hadi; Hayat, Khezar; Hezam, Kamal; Holla, Ramesh; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Househ, Mowafa; Hussain, Rabia; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Ilic, Irena M.; Ilic, Milena D.; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah; Itumalla, Ramaiah; Jaafari, Jalil; Jacobsen, Kathryn H.; Jain, Vardhmaan; Javanmardi, Fatemeh; Jayapal, Sathish Kumar; Jayaram, Shubha; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jonas, Jost B.; Joseph, Nitin; Joukar, Farahnaz; Kabir, Zubair; Kamath, Ashwin; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kandel, Himal; Katoto, Patrick D.M.C.; Kayode, Gbenga A.; Kendrick, Parkes J.; Kerbo, Amene Abebe; Khajuria, Himanshu; Khalilov, Rovshan; Khatab, Khaled; Khoja, Abdullah T.; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Kim, Min Seo; Kim, Yun Jin; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Kosen, Soewarta; Koul, Parvaiz A.; Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane; Koyanagi, Ai; Krishan, Kewal; Bicer, Burcu Kucuk; Kumar, Avinash; Kumar, G. Anil; Kumar, Narinder; Kumar, Nithin; Kwarteng, Alexander; Lak, Hassan Mehmood; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Landires, Iv�n; Lasrado, Savita; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; Lee, Wei-Chen; Lin, Christine; Liu, Xuefeng; Lopukhov, Platon D.; Lozano, Rafael; Machado, Daiane Borges; Kunjathur, Shilpashree Madhava; Madi, Deepak; Mahajan, Preetam Bhalchandra; Majeed, Azeem; Malik, Ahmad Azam; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerl�ndio; Mehta, Saurabh; Memish, Ziad A.; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G.; Merie, Hayimro Edemealem; Mersha, Amanual Getnet; Mesregah, Mohamed Kamal; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Mheidly, Nour Mheidly; Misra, Sanjeev; Mithra, Prasanna; Moghadaszadeh, Masoud; Mohammadi, Mokhtar; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammed, Shafu; Molokhia, Mariam; Moni, Mohammad Ali; Al Montasir, Ahmed; Moore, Catrin E.; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Nair, Sanjeev; Nair, Suma; Naqvi, Atta Abbas; Swamy, Sreenivas Narasimha; Nayak, Biswa Prakash; Nazari, Javad; Kandel, Sandhya Neupane; Nguyen, Trang Huyen; Nixon, Molly R.; Nnaji, Chukwudi A.; Ntsekhe, Mpiko; Nu�ez-Samudio, Virginia; Oancea, Bogdan; Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Oren, Eyal; Mahesh, P.A.; Parthasarathi, Ramakrishnan; Kan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh; Pattanshetty, Sanjay M.; Paudel, Rajan; Paul, Pintu; Pawar, Shrikant; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino; Perico, Norberto; Pirestani, Majid; Polibin, Roman V.; Postma, Maarten J.; Pourshams, Akram; Prashant, Akila; Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga; Radfar, Amir; Rafei, Alireza; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahman, Mahfuzar; Rahman, Mosiur; Rahmani, Amir Masoud; Ranasinghe, Priyanga; Rao, Chythra R.; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Reitsma, Marissa B.; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Reta, Melese Abate; Rezaei, Nima; Rezahosseini, Omid; Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh; Rezapour, Aziz; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Roshchin, Denis O.; Sabour, Siamak; Saif-Ur-rahman, K.M.; Salam, Nasir; Kafl, Hossein Samadi; Samaei, Mehrnoosh; Samy, Abdallah M.; Saroshe, Satish; Sartorius, Benn; Sathian, Brijesh; Sawyer, Susan M.; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Seylani, Allen; Shafaat, Omid; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Sharaf, Kiomars; Shetty, Ranjitha S.; Shigematsu, Mika; Shin, Jae Il; Silva, Jo�o Pedro; Singh, Jitendra Kumar; Sinha, Smriti; Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich; Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna; Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.; Steiropoulos, Paschalis; Sufyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale; Tabuchi, Takahiro; Tadesse, Eyayou Girma; Tamir, Zemenu; Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang; Tekalegn, Yohannes; Tesfay, Fisaha Haile; Tessema, Belay; Thapar, Rekha; Tleyjeh, Imad I.; Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan; Tran, Bach Xuan; Tsegaye, Berhan; Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie; Ullah, Anayat; Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David; Tahbaz, Sahel Valadan; Vo, Bay; Vu, Giang Thu; Waheed, Yasir; Walters, Magdalene K.; Whisnant, Joanna L.; Woldekidan, Mesfn Agachew; Wubishet, Befkadu Legesse; Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh; Yazie, Taklo Simeneh Yazie; Yeshaw, Yigizie; Yi, Siyan; Yigit, Vahit; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Yu, Chuanhua; Yunusa, Ismaeel; Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich; Zastrozhina, Anasthasia; Zhang, Zhi-Jiang; Zumla, Alimuddin; Mokdad, Ali H.; Salomon, Joshua A.; Reiner, Robert C.; Lim, Stephen S.; Naghavi, Mohsen; Vos, Theo; Hay, Simon I.; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe
    Background: Tuberculosis is a major contributor to the global burden of disease, causing more than a million deaths annually. Given an emphasis on equity in access to diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in global health targets, evaluations of differences in tuberculosis burden by sex are crucial. We aimed to assess the levels and trends of the global burden of tuberculosis, with an emphasis on investigating differences in sex by HIV status for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Methods: We used a Bayesian hierarchical Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) platform to analyse 21 505 site-years of vital registration data, 705 site-years of verbal autopsy data, 825 site-years of sample-based vital registration data, and 680 site-years of mortality surveillance data to estimate mortality due to tuberculosis among HIV-negative individuals. We used a population attributable fraction approach to estimate mortality related to HIV and tuberculosis coinfection. A compartmental meta-regression tool (DisMod-MR 2.1) was then used to synthesise all available data sources, including prevalence surveys, annual case notifications, population-based tuberculin surveys, and tuberculosis cause-specific mortality, to produce estimates of incidence, prevalence, and mortality that were internally consistent. We further estimated the fraction of tuberculosis mortality that is attributable to independent effects of risk factors, including smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes, for HIV-negative individuals. For individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, we assessed mortality attributable to HIV risk factors including unsafe sex, intimate partner violence (only estimated among females), and injection drug use. We present 95% uncertainty intervals for all estimates. Findings: Globally, in 2019, among HIV-negative individuals, there were 1�18 million (95% uncertainty interval 1�08�1�29) deaths due to tuberculosis and 8�50 million (7�45�9�73) incident cases of tuberculosis. Among HIV-positive individuals, there were 217 000 (153 000�279 000) deaths due to tuberculosis and 1�15 million (1�01�1�32) incident cases in 2019. More deaths and incident cases occurred in males than in females among HIV-negative individuals globally in 2019, with 342 000 (234 000�425 000) more deaths and 1�01 million (0�82�1�23) more incident cases in males than in females. Among HIV-positive individuals, 6250 (1820�11 400) more deaths and 81 100 (63 300�100 000) more incident cases occurred among females than among males in 2019. Age-standardised mortality rates among HIV-negative males were more than two times greater in 105 countries and age-standardised incidence rates were more than 1�5 times greater in 74 countries than among HIV-negative females in 2019. The fraction of global tuberculosis deaths among HIV-negative individuals attributable to alcohol use, smoking, and diabetes was 4�27 (3�69�5�02), 6�17 (5�48�7�02), and 1�17 (1�07�1�28) times higher, respectively, among males than among females in 2019. Among individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, the fraction of mortality attributable to injection drug use was 2�23 (2�03�2�44) times greater among males than females, whereas the fraction due to unsafe sex was 1�06 (1�05�1�08) times greater among females than males. Interpretation: As countries refine national tuberculosis programmes and strategies to end the tuberculosis epidemic, the excess burden experienced by males is important. Interventions are needed to actively communicate, especially to men, the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. These interventions should occur in parallel with efforts to minimise excess HIV burden among women in the highest HIV burden countries that are contributing to excess HIV and tuberculosis coinfection burden for females. Placing a focus on tuberculosis burden among HIV-negative males and HIV and tuberculosis coinfection among females might help to diminish the overall burden of tuberculosis. This strategy will be crucial in reaching both equity and burden targets outlined by global health milestones. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. � 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license