School Of Basic And Applied Sciences
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Item Bioremediation: A favorable perspective to eliminate heavy metals from polluted soil(Elsevier, 2022-09-30T00:00:00) Kaur, Sukhchain; Midha, Tushar; Verma, Harkomal; Muduli, Rasmi Ranjan; Dutta, Oyindril; Saini, Omprakash; Prakash, Richa; Sharma, Sandeep; Mantha, Anil K.; Dhiman, MonishaThe heavy metal contamination in the environment causes serious risk and long-term lethal effects to all living organisms due to their ability to show toxicity at low concentrations. The bio-magnification of heavy metals in the food chain is a matter of concern for public health. The persistent exposure to heavy metals such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and uranium (U) cause several pathologic conditions in humans by interfering with normal cellular processes. Due to the non-biodegradable nature of these pollutants, they get accumulated for a long time in the soil. The removal of these pollutants by conventional methods is not satisfactory due to the high cost and generation of huge quantities of waste products. Hence, the use of micro-organisms is the most successful approach to remediate heavy metals from the environment due to their efficacy and financial viability. Numerous microorganisms have been employed to diminish the toxic effects of heavy metals. The combination of microorganisms and plants as a bioremediation strategy is another efficient method for heavy metal bioremediation. The chapter will summarize the heavy metal exploitation with a focus on Cd, As, Pb, and Chromium (Cr). It will also describe the various bioremediation techniques which are being used in the removal of these heavy metals from soil. � 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Item Cyanobacteria-mediated heavy metal and xenobiotic bioremediation(Springer Nature, 2023-06-24T00:00:00) Lalrokimi, X.; Mehetre, Gajanan; Zothanpuia, X.; Singh, Bhim Pratap; Yadav, Mukesh Kumar; Lalnunmawii, EstherOverpopulation and industrialization are the leading cause of environmental pollution. However, environmental pollutants such as xenobiotics and heavy metals are of more concern because of their toxicity; in addition, the degradation of both compounds is impossible and persists in the environment for a longer time. Photoautotrophic microorganism such as cyanobacteria is considered to be the potential organism in the process of bioremediation because of its ability to photosynthetically break down toxic heavy metals and xenobiotic compounds into less toxic forms. It is also known to be conventional, eco-friendly, and cost-effective. This chapter highlighted the capability of different genera of cyanobacteria in the biodegradation of heavy metals and xenobiotics. � The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.Item Assessing the potential for nevirapine removal and its ecotoxicological effects on Coelastrella tenuitheca and Tetradesmus obliquus in aqueous environment(Elsevier Ltd, 2022-11-29T00:00:00) Reddy, Karen; Renuka, Nirmal; Kumari, Sheena; Ratha, Sachitra Kumar; Moodley, Brenda; Pillay, Kriveshin; Bux, FaizalRemediation of the antiretroviral (ARV) drug, nevirapine (NVP) has attracted considerable scientific attention in recent years due to its frequent detection and persistence in aquatic environments and potential hazards to living organisms. Algae-based technologies have been emerging as an environmentally friendly option for the removal of pharmaceutical compounds, but their ARV drug removal potential has not been fully explored yet. This study aimed to explore the ecotoxicity and removal potential of NVP by two microalgal species, Coelastrella tenuitheca and Tetradesmus obliquus. Lower environmental concentrations (up to 200 ng L?1) of NVP enhanced the microalgal growth, and the highest dry cell weight of 941.27 mg L?1 was obtained in T. obliquus at 50 ng L?1 NVP concentration. Both microalgae showed varying removal efficiencies (19.53�74.56%) when exposed to NVP concentration levels of up to 4000 ng L?1. At the late log phase (day 8), T. obliquus removed the highest percentage of NVP (74.56%), while C. tenuitheca removed 48% at an initial NVP concentration of 50 ng L?1. Photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm and rETR) of the two microalgal species, however, was not affected by environmental concentrations of NVP (up to 4000 ng L?1) at the mid log phase of growth. SEM analysis demonstrated that both algal species produced distinct ridges on their cell surfaces after NVP uptake. In the ecotoxicity study, the calculated IC50 values of NVP (0�100 mg L?1) after 96 h of exposure were 23.45 mg L?1 (C. tenuitheca) and 18.20 mg L?1 (T. obliquus). The findings of the present study may contribute to a better understanding of the environmental hazards associated with NVP and the efficacy of microalgae in removing this pharmaceutical from aquatic environments. � 2022 Elsevier LtdItem Cyanobacteria-mediated heavy metal and xenobiotic bioremediation(Springer Nature, 2023-06-24T00:00:00) Lalrokimi, X.; Mehetre, Gajanan; Zothanpuia, X.; Singh, Bhim Pratap; Yadav, Mukesh Kumar; Lalnunmawii, EstherOverpopulation and industrialization are the leading cause of environmental pollution. However, environmental pollutants such as xenobiotics and heavy metals are of more concern because of their toxicity; in addition, the degradation of both compounds is impossible and persists in the environment for a longer time. Photoautotrophic microorganism such as cyanobacteria is considered to be the potential organism in the process of bioremediation because of its ability to photosynthetically break down toxic heavy metals and xenobiotic compounds into less toxic forms. It is also known to be conventional, eco-friendly, and cost-effective. This chapter highlighted the capability of different genera of cyanobacteria in the biodegradation of heavy metals and xenobiotics. � The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.Item Assessing the potential for nevirapine removal and its ecotoxicological effects on Coelastrella tenuitheca and Tetradesmus obliquus in aqueous environment(Elsevier Ltd, 2022-11-29T00:00:00) Reddy, Karen; Renuka, Nirmal; Kumari, Sheena; Ratha, Sachitra Kumar; Moodley, Brenda; Pillay, Kriveshin; Bux, FaizalRemediation of the antiretroviral (ARV) drug, nevirapine (NVP) has attracted considerable scientific attention in recent years due to its frequent detection and persistence in aquatic environments and potential hazards to living organisms. Algae-based technologies have been emerging as an environmentally friendly option for the removal of pharmaceutical compounds, but their ARV drug removal potential has not been fully explored yet. This study aimed to explore the ecotoxicity and removal potential of NVP by two microalgal species, Coelastrella tenuitheca and Tetradesmus obliquus. Lower environmental concentrations (up to 200 ng L?1) of NVP enhanced the microalgal growth, and the highest dry cell weight of 941.27 mg L?1 was obtained in T. obliquus at 50 ng L?1 NVP concentration. Both microalgae showed varying removal efficiencies (19.53�74.56%) when exposed to NVP concentration levels of up to 4000 ng L?1. At the late log phase (day 8), T. obliquus removed the highest percentage of NVP (74.56%), while C. tenuitheca removed 48% at an initial NVP concentration of 50 ng L?1. Photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm and rETR) of the two microalgal species, however, was not affected by environmental concentrations of NVP (up to 4000 ng L?1) at the mid log phase of growth. SEM analysis demonstrated that both algal species produced distinct ridges on their cell surfaces after NVP uptake. In the ecotoxicity study, the calculated IC50 values of NVP (0�100 mg L?1) after 96 h of exposure were 23.45 mg L?1 (C. tenuitheca) and 18.20 mg L?1 (T. obliquus). The findings of the present study may contribute to a better understanding of the environmental hazards associated with NVP and the efficacy of microalgae in removing this pharmaceutical from aquatic environments. � 2022 Elsevier LtdItem Comparative metabolic profiling of vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides) and maize (Zea mays) under lead stress(Elsevier Ltd, 2018) Pidatala, V.R.; Li, K.; Sarkar, D.; Wusirika, R.; Datta, R.Lead (Pb) contamination of residential soils in United States is attributed to use of Pb based paints prior to 1978 and their deterioration and accumulation in surface soils. Exposure to Pb due to ingestion and inhalation of Pb laden soil and dust causes neurological disorders, renal disorders, developmental and behavioral problems, particularly in children under the age of six. Vetiver grass is one of the leading choices for Pb remediation due to its ability to hyperaccumulate Pb, in addition to high biomass. In order to understand the effect of Pb on vetiver metabolic pathways, we compared the global metabolic changes in vetiver with that of maize, a Pb susceptible plant under Pb stress. Vetiver showed massive increase in levels of key metabolites in response to Pb, including amino acids, organic acids and coenzymes. Maize showed very modest increase in some of the same metabolites, and no change in others. The results provide the first indication of the difference in metabolic response of the hyperaccumulator, vetiver to lead stress as compared to maize. ? 2017 Elsevier Ltd