School Of Basic And Applied Sciences

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    In silico study of flavonoids as DPP-4 and α-glucosidase inhibitors
    (Bentham Science Publishers B.V., 2018) Kaur, J.; Singla, Ramit; Jaitak, Vikas
    Background: Diabetes being among the most prevalent disease is being studied widely to achieve most potent drug with lesser side-effects. Numerous targets have been explored and several drugs have been developed to combat type-2 diabetes. Worldwide scenario depicts an increase in the number of diabetics at an alarming rate. Due to this critical need in the current scenario, the focus has been shifted to natural products. Amongst which flavonoids have been extensively studied for their anti-diabetic potential. Among various targets inhibition of DPP-4, ?-glucosidase arose as an advantageous methodology for the management of type-2 diabetes. DPP-4 inhibitor helps to maintain the insulin levels in the body and ?-glucosidase inhibitor aids in the control of the postprandial glycemia. Methods: In the present study, the molecular modeling of 155 flavonoids has been performed using GLIDE against Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) (PDB ID:2ONC) and ?-glucosidase (PDB ID: 2QMJ) so as to achieve lead compounds that can be further used to develop a new drug. Results: Rutin and Theaflavin-3,3'-di-O-gallate were observed to possess the best docking score for ?-glucosidase and DPP-4 respectively. Conclusions: The top scoring flavonoids show promising results, but further studies are required to be carried out including the pharmacophore mapping, SAR and QSAR studies. The results illustrated that the hydrogen bonding plays a crucial role in the binding and positioning of the molecules into the active site. Further, the rescoring of the docking values mentioned as MMGB/SA also reconfirmed that these compounds show favorable results. ? 2018 Bentham Science Publishers.
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    Chemical composition and antiproliferative, antioxidant, and proapoptotic effects of fruiting body extracts of the lingzhi or reishi medicinal mushroom, ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes), from India
    (Begell House Inc., 2016) Gill, B.S.; Sharma, P.; Navgeet, Kumar, S.
    Ganoderma lucidum is a renowned medicinal mushroom exploited as a panacea because of the broad spectrum of its bioactivities, which give it invaluable nutritional and clinical implications. This research was implemented with an incentive to explore and quantify various macromolecules encompassed in the oriental fungus; these vary in concentration with respect to the development/growth phase, host plants, and geographic location of collection. Chemical profiling of G. lucidum confirmed the presence of myco-constituents, their amounts varying in response to extreme climatic conditions. G. lucidum extract exhibited elevated levels of all myco-constituents but flavonoids, which were more pronounced when in a parasitic relationship with their host plants. Proapoptotic efficiency portrayed by the extracts against a prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) was also found to be similar. The samples collected from the Bathinda region, with Azadirachta and Acacia trees as the host plants, showed several-fold augmentation in levels of G. lucidum gredients compared with other variants. Elevated levels of myco-constituents highlight their significance in inhibiting prostate cancer cell proliferation, reducing reactive oxygen species, suppressing invasive potential, and inducing apoptosis. It was thus concluded that G. lucidum grown on Azadirachta plants was more efficient in exhibiting potent biological activities than G. lucidum grown on other host plants. ? 2016 Begell House, Inc.
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    Cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking and cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles
    (2012) Singh, R.P.; Ramarao, P.
    Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are used in consumer products and wound dressings due to their antimicrobial properties. However, in addition to toxic effects on microbes, Ag NPs can also induce stress responses as well as cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. We observed that Ag NPs are efficiently internalized via scavenger receptor-mediated phagocytosis in murine macrophages. Confocal and electron microscopy analysis revealed that internalized Ag NPs localize in the cytoplasm. Ag NPs cause mitochondrial damage, induce apoptosis and cell death. These effects were abrogated in presence of Ag ion-reactive, thiol-containing compounds suggesting the central of Ag ions in Ag NP toxicity. Quantitative image analysis revealed that intracellular dissolution of Ag NPs occurs about 50 times faster than in water. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that Ag NPs are internalized by scavenger receptors, trafficked to cytoplasm and induce toxicity by releasing Ag ions. ? 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.