School Of Basic And Applied Sciences

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    The Implication of Mechanistic Approaches and the Role of the Microbiome in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A Review
    (MDPI, 2023-01-16T00:00:00) Mukherjee, Anirban Goutam; Wanjari, Uddesh Ramesh; Kannampuzha, Sandra; Murali, Reshma; Namachivayam, Arunraj; Ganesan, Raja; Dey, Abhijit; Babu, Achsha; Renu, Kaviyarasi; Vellingiri, Balachandar; Ramanathan, Gnanasambandan; George Priya Doss, C.; Elsherbiny, Nehal; Elsherbini, Amira M.; Alsamman, Alsamman M.; Zayed, Hatem; Gopalakrishnan, Abilash Valsala
    As a complex endocrine and metabolic condition, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) affects women�s reproductive health. These common symptoms include hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, irregular menstruation, and infertility. No one knows what causes it or how to stop it yet. Alterations in gut microbiota composition and disruptions in secondary bile acid production appear to play a causative role in developing PCOS. PCOS pathophysiology and phenotypes are tightly related to both enteric and vaginal bacteria. Patients with PCOS exhibit changed microbiome compositions and decreased microbial diversity. Intestinal microorganisms also alter PCOS patient phenotypes by upregulating or downregulating hormone release, gut-brain mediators, and metabolite synthesis. The human body�s gut microbiota, also known as the �second genome,� can interact with the environment to improve metabolic and immunological function. Inflammation is connected to PCOS and may be caused by dysbiosis in the gut microbiome. This review sheds light on the recently discovered connections between gut microbiota and insulin resistance (IR) and the potential mechanisms of PCOS. This study also describes metabolomic studies to obtain a clear view of PCOS and ways to tackle it. � 2023 by the authors.
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    Potential environmental toxicant exposure, metabolizing gene variants and risk of PCOS-A systematic review
    (Elsevier Inc., 2021-06-11T00:00:00) Sharma, Priya; Bilkhiwal, Nisha; Chaturvedi, Pragya; Kumar, Sachin; Khetarpal, Preeti
    Exposure of environmental toxicants such as potentially toxic metals and pesticides have largely been attributed to produce adverse effects on general women's health and to be more precise on the reproductive system. In order to explore exposure of toxicants and metabolizing gene variants as risk factor for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), literature search was carried out using the databases PubMed, Central Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Science Direct with appropriate keywords upto 6 December 2020. While most of the studies indicate higher serum Cu concentration and lower concentration of Mn as risk factor, studies also report presence of higher pesticide concentration in PCOS women. Genes such as MTHFR, CYPs participate in the metabolism of toxicants and may show different response due to underlying genetic variants. Thus, toxicant exposure are to some extent responsible for the pathogenesis of syndrome through oxidative stress and endocrine disruption, but the susceptibility may vary due to the underlying genetic polymorphism of the exposed population. � 2021 Elsevier Inc.
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    Hypothalamic Kisspeptin Neurons: Integral Elements of the GnRH System
    (Institute for Ionics, 2022-07-07T00:00:00) Prashar, Vikash; Arora, Tania; Singh, Randeep; Sharma, Arti; Parkash, Jyoti
    Highly sophisticated and synchronized interactions of various cells and hormonal signals are required to make organisms competent for reproduction. GnRH neurons act as a common pathway for multiple cues for the onset of puberty and attaining reproductive function. GnRH is not directly receptive to most of the signals required for the GnRH secretion during the various phases of the ovarian cycle. Kisspeptin neurons of the hypothalamus convey these signals required for the synchronized release of the GnRH. The steroid-sensitive anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) kisspeptin and arcuate nucleus (ARC) KNDy neurons convey steroid feedback during the reproductive cycle necessary for GnRH surge and pulse, respectively. AVPV region kisspeptin neurons also communicate with nNOS synthesizing neurons and suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons to coordinate the process of the ovarian cycle. Neurokinin B (NKB) and dynorphin play roles in the GnRH pulse stimulation and inhibition, respectively. The loss of NKB and kisspeptin function results in the development of neuroendocrine disorders such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) and infertility. Ca2+ signaling is essential for GnRH pulse generation, which is propagated through gap junctions between astrocytes-KNDy and KNDy-KNDy neurons. Impaired functioning of KNDy neurons could develop the characteristics associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in rodents. Kisspeptin-increased synthesis led to excessive secretion of the LH associated with PCOS. This review provides the latest insights and understanding into the role of the KNDy and AVPV/POA kisspeptin neurons in GnRH secretion and PCOS. � 2022, Society for Reproductive Investigation.