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    Understanding plant-plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) interactions for inducing plant defense
    (Elsevier, 2023-04-21T00:00:00) Seth, Kunal; Vyas, Pallavi; Deora, Sandhya; Gupta, Amit Kumar; Meena, Mukesh; Swapnil, Prashant; Harish
    Rhizobacteria fostering plant growth have received considerable attention in modern agriculture as they are capable of enhancing growth of the plants and are also a chemical fertilizer replacement. Besides enhancing growth, many PGPRs are recognized to induce plant defenses while in contact with the host plant. The plants have a nonspecific and broad-spectrum immune system to protect themselves from the diverse array of phytopathogens compared to innate immune system of animals. Depending on the type of interaction, plants cope with the invader attack through the activation of different defense mechanisms. In locally and systemically induced resistance responses, the main activator is salicylic acid (SA). However, studies have demonstrated that both ethylene and jasmonic acid (JA) are the main signaling molecules for induced systemic resistance (ISR) mediated by the rhizobacteria. For generating systemic resistance, different rhizobacteria exploit different mechanisms like some activate SAR (SA-dependent) pathway, while others activate ISR (ethylene/JA-dependent) pathway. Interestingly, coactivation of the ethylene/JA-dependent and the salicylic acid-dependent pathways has been shown to result in a synergistic effect on the acquired induced resistance. Few reports have suggested toward adaptive immune responses in plants and existence of immunological memory. The importance of PGPR in initiating plant defense against biotic stress, plant-PGPR interactions, and the PGPR significance in defense priming are discussed in this chapter. � 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    The Role of PGPRs in Medicinal Plants under Abiotic Stress
    (Springer Nature, 2023-01-09T00:00:00) Meena, Mukesh; Singh, Sandeep Kumar; Swapnil, Prashant; Kumari, Pritee
    Rapid and gradual change in environment causes abiotic stress in medicinal plants and ultimately reduces their yield. To tolerate abiotic stress such as salinity, drought, heavy metal, temperature, etc. (causes the production of reactive oxygen species including superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide) plants have developed various mechanisms. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) also play an important role in abiotic stress and trigger the tolerance mechanism in plants. Harmful pesticides and agrochemicals reduce the development of pathogens and threat to global food security and environment. PGPR emerged as biologically, cost-effective and eco-friendly substitutes to help plant growth. Medicinal plants have developed a set of different mechanisms for adaptation and survival under severe environmental conditions. This chapter discusses the effect of abiotic stress in medicinal plants and their interaction with PGPRs to facilitate the growth by synthesis of beneficial metabolites through various mechanisms. � The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.
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    Understanding plant-plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) interactions for inducing plant defense
    (Elsevier, 2023-04-21T00:00:00) Seth, Kunal; Vyas, Pallavi; Deora, Sandhya; Gupta, Amit Kumar; Meena, Mukesh; Swapnil, Prashant; Harish
    Rhizobacteria fostering plant growth have received considerable attention in modern agriculture as they are capable of enhancing growth of the plants and are also a chemical fertilizer replacement. Besides enhancing growth, many PGPRs are recognized to induce plant defenses while in contact with the host plant. The plants have a nonspecific and broad-spectrum immune system to protect themselves from the diverse array of phytopathogens compared to innate immune system of animals. Depending on the type of interaction, plants cope with the invader attack through the activation of different defense mechanisms. In locally and systemically induced resistance responses, the main activator is salicylic acid (SA). However, studies have demonstrated that both ethylene and jasmonic acid (JA) are the main signaling molecules for induced systemic resistance (ISR) mediated by the rhizobacteria. For generating systemic resistance, different rhizobacteria exploit different mechanisms like some activate SAR (SA-dependent) pathway, while others activate ISR (ethylene/JA-dependent) pathway. Interestingly, coactivation of the ethylene/JA-dependent and the salicylic acid-dependent pathways has been shown to result in a synergistic effect on the acquired induced resistance. Few reports have suggested toward adaptive immune responses in plants and existence of immunological memory. The importance of PGPR in initiating plant defense against biotic stress, plant-PGPR interactions, and the PGPR significance in defense priming are discussed in this chapter. � 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    The Role of PGPRs in Medicinal Plants under Abiotic Stress
    (Springer Nature, 2023-01-09T00:00:00) Meena, Mukesh; Singh, Sandeep Kumar; Swapnil, Prashant; Kumari, Pritee
    Rapid and gradual change in environment causes abiotic stress in medicinal plants and ultimately reduces their yield. To tolerate abiotic stress such as salinity, drought, heavy metal, temperature, etc. (causes the production of reactive oxygen species including superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide) plants have developed various mechanisms. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) also play an important role in abiotic stress and trigger the tolerance mechanism in plants. Harmful pesticides and agrochemicals reduce the development of pathogens and threat to global food security and environment. PGPR emerged as biologically, cost-effective and eco-friendly substitutes to help plant growth. Medicinal plants have developed a set of different mechanisms for adaptation and survival under severe environmental conditions. This chapter discusses the effect of abiotic stress in medicinal plants and their interaction with PGPRs to facilitate the growth by synthesis of beneficial metabolites through various mechanisms. � The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.
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    Bacillus subtilis impact on plant growth, soil health and environment: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
    (John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2022-02-09T00:00:00) Mahapatra, Subhasmita; Yadav, Radheshyam; Ramakrishna, Wusirika
    The increased dependence of farmers on chemical fertilizers poses a risk to soil fertility and ecosystem stability. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are at the forefront of sustainable agriculture, providing multiple benefits for the enhancement of crop production and soil health. Bacillus subtilis is a common PGPR in soil that plays a key role in conferring biotic and abiotic stress tolerance to plants by induced systemic resistance (ISR), biofilm formation and lipopeptide production. As a part of bioremediating technologies, Bacillus spp. can purify metal contaminated soil. It acts as a potent denitrifying agent in agroecosystems while improving the carbon sequestration process when applied in a regulated concentration. Although it harbours several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), it can reduce the horizontal transfer of ARGs during manure composting by modifying the genetic makeup of existing microbiota. In some instances, it affects the beneficial microbes of the rhizosphere. External inoculation of B. subtilis has both positive and negative impacts on the endophytic and semi-synthetic microbial community. Soil texture, type, pH and bacterial concentration play a crucial role in the regulation of all these processes. Soil amendments and microbial consortia of Bacillus produced by microbial engineering could be used to lessen the negative effect on soil microbial diversity. The complex plant�microbe interactions could be decoded using transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and epigenomics strategies which would be beneficial for both crop productivity and the well-being of soil microbiota. Bacillus subtilis has more positive attributes similar to the character of Dr. Jekyll and some negative attributes on plant growth, soil health and the environment akin to the character of Mr. Hyde. � 2022 Society for Applied Microbiology.