School Of Basic And Applied Sciences

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Subject: search.filters.subject.Immunology

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    HPV-associated cancers: insights into the mechanistic scenario and latest updates
    (Springer, 2023-06-26T00:00:00) Mukherjee, Anirban Goutam; Ramesh Wanjari, Uddesh; Valsala Gopalakrishnan, Abilash; Jayaraj, Rama; Katturajan, Ramkumar; Kannampuzha, Sandra; Murali, Reshma; Namachivayam, Arunraj; Evan Prince, Sabina; Vellingiri, Balachandar; Dey, Abhijit; Renu, Kaviyarasi
    Cancer and related diseases are the second leading cause of death worldwide. The human papillomavirus (HPV) is an infectious agent that can be spread mainly through sexual contact and has been linked to several malignancies in both sexes. HPV is linked to almost all cases of cervical cancer. It is also linked to many head and neck cancer (HNC) cases, especially oropharyngeal cancer. Also, some HPV-related cancers, like vaginal, vulvar, penile, and anal cancers, are related to the anogenital area. Over the past few decades, testing for and preventing cervical cancer has improved, but anogenital cancers are still harder to confirm. HPV16 and HPV18 have been extensively researched due to their significant carcinogenic potential. The products of two early viral genes, E6 and E7, have been identified as playing crucial roles in cellular transformation, as emphasized by biological investigations. The complete characterization of numerous mechanisms employed by E6 and E7 in undermining the regulation of essential cellular processes has significantly contributed to our comprehension of HPV-induced cancer progression. This review focuses on the various types of cancers caused by HPV infection and also sheds light on the signaling cascades involved in the same. � 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
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    Pore-forming proteins and their role in cancer and inflammation: Mechanistic insights and plausible druggable targets
    (Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2022-08-30T00:00:00) Sankar, Jishnu; Arora, Sahil; Joshi, Gaurav; Kumar, Raj
    Perforin is a granular effector pore-forming protein formed in NK cells and Cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These cytotoxic proteins are part of the first-line immune defense in the human body. They ensure apoptosis of pathogen-infected cells or tumor cells in the human body. Activation of receptors on NK cell or T cell triggers secondary proteins in these cells. Further, it leads to Ca2+ dependent perforin egress towards the target cell, ensued by PI3K signaling pathway. Perforin undergoes oligomerization over the target cell membrane and forms transmembrane pores with the membrane-spanning domain-MACPF domain. Granzymes, proapoptotic serine proteases are released through these pores and initiate the target cell apoptotic pathway leading to the cell death. Although perforin is a savior for humans from tumor and viral infections, uncontrolled expression of the perforins leads to the autoimmune conditions, including Familial Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, insulin-dependent diabetes, and cerebral myocarditis. The present review is the concerted effort to highlight the mechanistic pathways concerning perforin secretion, NK cell and T cell-mediated cytotoxicity towards virus-infected and transformed cells. This is followed by the discussion on synthetic derivatives tested so far to inhibit the perforin in pre and clinical arena for certain unusual conditions. � 2022 Elsevier B.V.