School Of Basic And Applied Sciences

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    Cloning, expression and in vitro validation of chimeric multi epitope vaccine candidate against visceral leishmaniasis infection
    (Elsevier Inc., 2023-04-11T00:00:00) Ojha, Rupal; Chand, Kailash; Vellingiri, Balachandar; Prajapati, Vijay Kumar
    Visceral Leishmaniasis or Kala-Azar is one of the most severe and deadly neglected tropical disease caused by the Leishmania parasite. A few number of vaccines are going through different phases in clinical trial but failing of these vaccines in successive phase trial or less efficacy, urge to develop highly immunogenic and cost-effective treatment to get rid of deadly VL. This study focuses on the development of more potent vaccine candidate against VL. The recombinant vaccine candidate LeiSp was expressed in Pichia pastoris, followed by purification and characterization. The purified protein was also tested for any post-translation modification, which favors being a potent immunogenic candidate. Further, the expression modulation of different pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines was evaluated in THP1 cell lines. A significant upregulation in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines while no significant changes were observed in the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. The impact of recombinant vaccine protein candidates in infected conditions were determined. Here, upon treatment with chimeric vaccine protein candidate, we observed a considerable recovery in the expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which were downregulated upon infection alone. In addition to this, we found a significant decrease in the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, which were upregulated during infection alone. We further validated our findings in infected hPBMCs and observed similar expression modulation of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines with and without treatment. Thus, the present study indicates that the chimeric LeiSp protein which was designed using bioinformatics approaches shows a potential inductive efficacy for pro-inflammatory cytokines in Leishmania-infected cells. � 2023 Elsevier Inc.
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    Burden of dengue, leishmaniasis and lymphatic filariasis in India and its states from 1990�2019: Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD 2019)
    (Public Library of Science, 2023-10-18T00:00:00) Dutta, Omprokash; Prasanth, Ajay; Kumari, Ashu; Akanksha, Kumari; Deeba, Farah; Salam, Nasir
    Vector-borne diseases such as dengue, leishmaniasis, and lymphatic filariasis, constitute significant sources of illness, disability, and mortality among the poor and vulnerable in many countries around the world, including India. Based on the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study 2019, we analyse the burden of dengue, leishmaniasis, and lymphatic filariasis, in India from 1990 to 2019. Over this period, there was a reduction in the burden of lymphatic filariasis and leishmaniasis. Notably, dengue emerged as the most common vector-borne disease, exhibiting high fatality rate above 15 years of age and the highest DALY within 15�49 age group. Additionally, dengue cases surged substantially between 1990 and 2019. Leishmaniasis related mortality and DALY declined in the year 2019 compared to the year 1990, with high mortality and DALY in the 0-49-year-old age group. For lymphatic filariasis, DALY was more pronounce among those in the 15�49-year age group, which underwent reduction in 2019. Males had a higher burden in other vector-borne diseases than females, although females had a slightly elevated dengue burden. These findings highlight the evolving epidemiological trends related to vector-borne diseases in India, over the last three decades and underline the critical significance of sustained efforts for the elimination and control of vector-borne diseases. � 2023 Dutta et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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    Burden of dengue, leishmaniasis and lymphatic filariasis in India and its states from 1990�2019: Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD 2019)
    (Public Library of Science, 2023-10-18T00:00:00) Dutta, Omprokash; Prasanth, Ajay; Kumari, Ashu; Akanksha, Kumari; Deeba, Farah; Salam, Nasir
    Vector-borne diseases such as dengue, leishmaniasis, and lymphatic filariasis, constitute significant sources of illness, disability, and mortality among the poor and vulnerable in many countries around the world, including India. Based on the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study 2019, we analyse the burden of dengue, leishmaniasis, and lymphatic filariasis, in India from 1990 to 2019. Over this period, there was a reduction in the burden of lymphatic filariasis and leishmaniasis. Notably, dengue emerged as the most common vector-borne disease, exhibiting high fatality rate above 15 years of age and the highest DALY within 15�49 age group. Additionally, dengue cases surged substantially between 1990 and 2019. Leishmaniasis related mortality and DALY declined in the year 2019 compared to the year 1990, with high mortality and DALY in the 0-49-year-old age group. For lymphatic filariasis, DALY was more pronounce among those in the 15�49-year age group, which underwent reduction in 2019. Males had a higher burden in other vector-borne diseases than females, although females had a slightly elevated dengue burden. These findings highlight the evolving epidemiological trends related to vector-borne diseases in India, over the last three decades and underline the critical significance of sustained efforts for the elimination and control of vector-borne diseases. � 2023 Dutta et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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    An Insight into Immunopathology of Leishmaniasis
    (Springer Nature, 2023-01-31T00:00:00) Chauhan, Yogesh; Nikita, Rajkumari; Madaan, Priyanka; Jain, Manju
    Leishmaniasis is a disease complex with clinical manifestations ranging from systemic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) to cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) with skinrestricted lesions to mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) that extends to mucous membranes. These classical disease outcomes are understood as an outcome of the infecting parasite species/subspecies along with the immune correlates that define host immune status. Further each of the visceral, cutaneous and/or mucocutaneous disease forms exhibits heterogenous gradation of parasite load, extent of parasite dissemination and collateral host immunopathological damage that may result in asymptomatic, mild, moderate or severe disease phenotype. A complex network of crosstalk between immune cells, viz. neutrophils, macrophages and heterogenous T cells, with varied effector immune molecules defines the disease protective versus progressive response. Unlike a clear Th1 versus Th2 immune response in VL and CL murine models, the immune correlates in classical VL and CL human subjects exhibit a mixed response with considerable heterogeneity. A net balance of the inflammatory versus antiinflammatory immune response induced by the complement of antigen pool presented by discrete parasite species along with the immune regulation mediated by T regulatory cells drives the immunopathological outcome. Such immune heterogeneity extends to a newer disease phenomenon of atypical leishmaniasis wherein the parasite species classically known to cause VL is reported to cause cutaneous disease and vice versa. The biology of such atypical leishmaniasis cases is beginning to be explored in terms of the host immune changes apart from the differences in the parasite determinants. The chapter seeks to highlight the host immune heterogeneity that is associated with different disease outcomes in a classical setting along with atypical clinical manifestations. � The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.