Sahu, RakeshRamsankaran, RaajBhambri, RakeshVerma, PrateekChand, Pritam2024-01-212024-08-142024-01-212024-08-142023-10-270255660X10.1007/s12524-023-01773-2http://10.2.3.109/handle/32116/4117Evolution of glacial lakes in the Himalayan and Karakoram (H�K) mountain ranges is an important indicator of glacier changes in response to climatic warming. The study utilized multi-temporal Landsat 4, 5, 7, and 8 images accessible in the cloud-based Google Earth Engine platform to analyse the spatiotemporal variations of the supraglacial lake (SGL) in the H�K regions from 1990 to 2020 at a decadal interval. It is observed that 61% (4.79�km2) of the SGL area increased from 1990 to 2020, while 223 new lakes formed in a similar time period. The most significant increase in the area of SGLs (30.15%; 2.93�km2) was observed between 2010 and 2020, while the slowest growth was observed between 1990 and 2000 (1.13%; 0.09�km2). The results indicate heterogeneity in SGL area changes in different regions. The region of Central Himalaya (CH) experienced the highest increase of 160% (3.8�km2) in the�SGL area from 1990 to 2020 with most of the rise in the�SGL area was observed in the Everest region, while a decrease of 9.4% (0.12�km2) was observed in the Eastern Himalaya (EH) region. During the study period, some SGLs converted into proglacial lakes in the EH region, which may be responsible for reducing the SGL area. The rise of SGL in the CH region can be attributed to higher mass loss, decreased glacier surface velocity, and increased rainfall in the�CH region. We also identified 15 glaciers that have SGLs near the terminus of the glaciers. If the same trend continues, these SGLs may soon be converted into proglacial lakes. The current inventory of SGL at a decadal scale shall be useful as baseline data for other hydro-glaciological models. � 2023, Indian Society of Remote Sensing.en-USGoogle Earth EngineHimalayan and Karakoram (H�K) glaciersLandsat dataSupraglacial lakesArticlehttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12524-023-01773-2