Browsing by Author "Bhardwaj, Pankaj"

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Adaptability of Rhododendrons in high altitude habitats
(Northeast Forestry University, 2020-01-03T00:00:00) Choudhary, Shruti; Thakur, Sapna; Majeed, Aasim; Bhardwaj, Pankaj
Tree species dominate many ecosystems throughout the world and their response to climate, in light of global warming, is a matter of primary concern. This review describes past and ongoing research in Rhododendron, an ecologically important and well-adapted genus of more than 1000 species, occupying diverse habitats. Research to date indicates survival ability and mechanisms, with an emphasis on cold tolerance. The capability of long-distance gene flow in these species increases their genetic variability which in turn enhances their adaptability to newer niches as well as to environmental gradients (mainly temperature). Attempts to explain the molecular basis of morphological and behavioural changes in Rhododendron against cold-induced damage has been made. Gradual advances in �omics� have led to an enriched genomic resource dissecting the role and interaction of multiple molecular factors participating in cold adaptability. However, fewer genetic studies are available on species with an inherent or a default cold-tolerance ability. Considering this fact, understanding specific features of an adapted species can provide insights on overriding the effects of desiccation and determining phase transitions in other plants as well. We propose to integrate ecological and evolutionary studies with functional genomics to improve predictions of tree responses to their environment. � 2020, Northeast Forestry University.
Adaptability of Rhododendrons in high altitude habitats
(Northeast Forestry University, 2020-01-03T00:00:00) Choudhary, Shruti; Thakur, Sapna; Majeed, Aasim; Bhardwaj, Pankaj
Tree species dominate many ecosystems throughout the world and their response to climate, in light of global warming, is a matter of primary concern. This review describes past and ongoing research in Rhododendron, an ecologically important and well-adapted genus of more than 1000 species, occupying diverse habitats. Research to date indicates survival ability and mechanisms, with an emphasis on cold tolerance. The capability of long-distance gene flow in these species increases their genetic variability which in turn enhances their adaptability to newer niches as well as to environmental gradients (mainly temperature). Attempts to explain the molecular basis of morphological and behavioural changes in Rhododendron against cold-induced damage has been made. Gradual advances in �omics� have led to an enriched genomic resource dissecting the role and interaction of multiple molecular factors participating in cold adaptability. However, fewer genetic studies are available on species with an inherent or a default cold-tolerance ability. Considering this fact, understanding specific features of an adapted species can provide insights on overriding the effects of desiccation and determining phase transitions in other plants as well. We propose to integrate ecological and evolutionary studies with functional genomics to improve predictions of tree responses to their environment. � 2020, Northeast Forestry University.
Charaterization of G-SSR markers in rhododendron arbreum
(Central University of Punjab, 2014) Kaur, Harmeen; Bhardwaj, Pankaj
Himalayan region is one of the important hotspot, having Rhododendron arboreum as major species. Anthropogenic activities and unsustainable use of the plant for its fruits, flower and wood by local people has raised questions about the sustainability of the species. In order to answer these questions, it is important to first know the genetic structure of the population. This study is focused on the characterization of the G-SSR markers for Rhododendrons and to study the population genetic structure. A set of 38 primers out of 41 are characterized on three population of Rhododendron arboreum, a total of 30 individuals. Allele number at different loci came to be in range of 2 to 14 with an average of 5.2 alleles per locus. Level of heterozygosity observed was high which varies from 0.422 to 0.917 (He) and 0.167 to 0.933 (Ho) with a polymorphic information content 0.104 to 0.811. Out of 38, about 19 loci deviated from the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium. Genetic diversity was high in these populations with an average gene flow of 5.436. Based on the information from the loci, there was no observed linkage disequilibrium and bottleneck effect. Software DARwin and STRUCTURE, irrespective of geographical location, revels the presence of two original populations with admixed genetic stock. These studied loci will help in the further genetic mapping of the genes and genotyping studies in Rhododendron arboreum.
Codon usage pattern in Gnetales evolved in close accordance with the Gnetifer hypothesis
(Oxford University Press, 2021-01-06T00:00:00) Majeed, Aasim; Kaur, Harpreet; Kaur, Amitozdeep; Das, Sreemoyee; Joseph, Josepheena; Bhardwaj, Pankaj
The evolution of Gnetales is ambiguous, and their phylogenetic position is still debated. The biological and molecular processes may evolve with the evolutionary history of a species or a clade. The molecular/biological processes of phylogenetically similar lineages closely follow their evolutionary pattern. If Gnetales evolved as a sister to Pinaceae, cupressophytes or Coniferales as a whole, then it is expected that the molecular or biological processes may reflect this pattern of evolution. In light of this, we deciphered the codon usage pattern of Gnetales, compared it with angiosperms, Pinaceae, cupressophytes and Coniferales as a whole. We evaluated whether this important molecular process has evolved in agreement with the Anthophyte, Gnepine, Gnecup or Gnetifer hypothesis. We observed that Gnetales prefer A/U-ending codons to G/C-ending codons like other lineages. Natural selection plays a dominant role in governing the codon usage bias (CUB). The CpA/CpT dinucleotides were over-represented, whereas the CpG dinucleotide was suppressed. Hierarchical clustering (HC) and correspondence analysis (CA) on relative synonymous codon usage values of 59 synonymous codons showed Gnetales as a sister clade to Coniferales as a whole and revealed that the codon usage pattern in Gnetales has evolved in close accordance with the Gnetifer hypothesis. � 2021 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.
Codon usage pattern in Gnetales evolved in close accordance with the Gnetifer hypothesis
(Oxford University Press, 2021-01-06T00:00:00) Majeed, Aasim; Kaur, Harpreet; Kaur, Amitozdeep; Das, Sreemoyee; Joseph, Josepheena; Bhardwaj, Pankaj
The evolution of Gnetales is ambiguous, and their phylogenetic position is still debated. The biological and molecular processes may evolve with the evolutionary history of a species or a clade. The molecular/biological processes of phylogenetically similar lineages closely follow their evolutionary pattern. If Gnetales evolved as a sister to Pinaceae, cupressophytes or Coniferales as a whole, then it is expected that the molecular or biological processes may reflect this pattern of evolution. In light of this, we deciphered the codon usage pattern of Gnetales, compared it with angiosperms, Pinaceae, cupressophytes and Coniferales as a whole. We evaluated whether this important molecular process has evolved in agreement with the Anthophyte, Gnepine, Gnecup or Gnetifer hypothesis. We observed that Gnetales prefer A/U-ending codons to G/C-ending codons like other lineages. Natural selection plays a dominant role in governing the codon usage bias (CUB). The CpA/CpT dinucleotides were over-represented, whereas the CpG dinucleotide was suppressed. Hierarchical clustering (HC) and correspondence analysis (CA) on relative synonymous codon usage values of 59 synonymous codons showed Gnetales as a sister clade to Coniferales as a whole and revealed that the codon usage pattern in Gnetales has evolved in close accordance with the Gnetifer hypothesis. � 2021 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.
Comparative transcriptome profiling reveals the reprogramming of gene networks under arsenic stress in Indian mustard.
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019) Thakur, Sapna; Choudhary, Shruti; Dubey, Preeti; Bhardwaj, Pankaj
Arsenic is a widespread toxic metalloid that is classified as a class I carcinogen known to cause adverse health effects in humans. In the present study, we investigated arsenic accumulation potential and comparative gene expression in Indian mustard. The amount of arsenic accumulated in shoots varied in the range of 15.99-1138.70 mg/kg on a dry weight basis among five cultivars. Comparative expression analysis revealed 10?870 significantly differentially expressed genes mostly belonging to response to stress, metabolic processes, signal transduction, transporter activity, and transcription regulator activity to be up-regulated, while most of the genes involved in photosynthesis, developmental processes, and cell growth were found to be down-regulated in arsenic-treated tissues. Further, pathway analysis using the KEGG Automated Annotation server (KAAS) revealed a large-scale reprogramming of genes involved in genetic and environmental information processing pathways. Top pathways with maximum KEGG orthology hits included carbon metabolism (2.5%), biosynthesis of amino acids (2.1%), plant hormone signal transduction (1.4%), and glutathione metabolism (0.6%). A transcriptomic investigation to understand the arsenic accumulation and detoxification in Indian mustard will not only help to improve its phytoremediation efficiency but also add to the control measures required to check bioaccumulation of arsenic in the food chain.
Comparative Transcriptome Profiling Under Cadmium Stress Reveals the Uptake and Tolerance Mechanism in Brassica juncea
(Springer, 2019) Thakur, Sapna; Choudhary, Shurti; Bhardwaj, Pankaj
Cadmium (Cd) is a biologically non-essential and phytotoxic heavy metal pollutant. In this study, we estimated the Cd accumulation potential of Indian mustard and identified factors responsible for Cd uptake, tolerance, and detoxification. Eight transcriptomic libraries were sequenced and ??230 million good quality reads were generated. The alignment rate against B. juncea reference genome V1.5 varied in the range of 85.03-90.06%. Comparative expression analysis using DESeq2 revealed 11,294 genes to be significantly differentially expressed under Cd treatment. The agriGO singular enrichment analysis revealed genes related to response to chemical, oxidative stress, transport, and secondary metabolic process were upregulated, whereas multicellular organismal development, developmental process, and photosynthesis were downregulated by Cd treatment. Furthermore, 616 membrane transport proteins were found to be significantly differentially expressed. Cd-related transporters such as metal transporter (Nramp1), metal tolerance protein (MTPC2, MTP11), cadmium-transporting ATPase, and plant cadmium resistance protein (PCR2, PCR6) were upregulated whereas cadmium/zinc-transporting ATPase (HMA2, HMA3, HMA4), high-affinity calcium antiporter (CAX1), and iron transport protein (IRT1) were downregulated by Cd treatment. A total of 332 different gene-networks affected by Cd stress were identified using KAAS analysis. Various plant hormones signaling cascades were modulated suggesting their role in Cd stress tolerance. The regulation overview using MapMan analysis also revealed gene expression related to plant hormones, calcium regulation, and MAP kinases were altered under Cd stress.
Development and chacterization of genomic microsatellite markers in rhdodendron arboreum
(Central University of Punjab, 2014) Choudhary, Shruti; Bhardwaj, Pankaj
Rhododendron arboreum, a key species inhabiting Indian Himalayas, has ecological and economic importance. Global climate change and anthropogenic activities can pose a threat to the biodiversity richness. Population genetics characteristics are the fundamentals of conservation and management practices. However, no genetic background for the species is presently available. To provide an insight into the population structure of the species, an effective marker resource was developed. A genomic library enriched for microsatellites was constructed using biotin- streptavidin hybridization technique, followed by sequencing of positive clones. With 54% enrichment rate, 41 primers were designed from SSR clones, consisting of perfect or interrupted repeats of AG/CT, AC/GT motifs. 38 loci showed successful amplification on genotypes of three populations with number of alleles ranging from 2 to 14, observed and expected heterozygosity of 0.167 to 0.933 and 0.422 to 0.917, respectively and average polymorphic information content of 0.104 to 0.811. A high gene flow (Nm= 5.436) demonstrated high genetic diversity within the populations. 19 loci displayed significant deviations from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. Overall no linkage disequilibrium and bottleneck was detected among sampled populations. DARwin and STRUCTURE analysis grouped the populations into two original clusters and admixed genetic stock irrespective of their geographical locations. These novel loci will support further genotyping studies in R. arboreum.
Development and characterization of genomic microsatellite markers in Melia azedarach
(Central University of Punjab, 2014) Thakur, Sapna; Bhardwaj, Pankaj
Melia azedarach is ecologically imperative species known for its innumerable biological benefits such as antiviral, anthelminthic, antibacterial, etc. In this study, we developed 43 genomic microsatellite markers from (AG)n enriched library and subsequently employed 23 of them for genetic diversity and population structure analysis of Melia azedarach growing in Indian Thar desert. Fourteen populations encompassing 95 genotypes were selected for analysis and we found a moderate level of diversity (Na = 3.211, Ho = 0.558, He = 0.549, P = 94.41%) in them. Gene diversity (h) among population pairs varied from 0.566 to 0.714 with very low overall genetic differentiation (F = 0.021). The highest value of ΔK estimated using STRUCTURE indicated 2 subpopulations (K=2) and admixed cluster occupied maximum area (75.79%) under Bar plot. Genetic distance based UPGMA dendrogram also identified 2 major clusters among 14 Melia azedarach populations. UNJ tree based on genetic dissimilarity clustered genotypes from different population together. No significant correlation between geographical and genetic distance was found in present study (Rxy = 0.261, P = 0.18). Allele frequency distribution under “mode-shift” indicator was normal L-shaped, suggesting populations under study are not experiencing any recent bottleneck. This study laid the foundation for more precise inference about the biogeography and management of M. azedarach in the Indian Thar Desert
Development and characterization of genomic microsatellite markers in Prosopis cineraria
(Elsevier B.V., 2017) Anand, Shashi Shekhar; Thakur, Sapna; Gargi, Madhuranjana; Choudhary, Shruti; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Anand, S.S.; Thakur, S.; Gargi, M.; Choudhary, S.; Bhardwaj, P.
Characterization of genetic diversity is a must for exploring the genetic resources for plant development and improvement. Prosopis cineraria is ecologically imperative species known for its innumerable biological benefits. Since there is a lack of genetic resources for the species, so it is crucial to unravel the population dynamics which will be very effective in plant improvement and conservation strategies. Of the 41 genomic microsatellite markers designed from (AG)n enriched library, 24 were subsequently employed for characterization on 30 genotypes of Indian arid region. A total of 93 alleles with an average 3.875 could be amplified by tested primer pairs. The average observed and expected heterozygosity was 0.5139 and 0.5786, respectively with 23 primer pairs showing significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Polymorphic information content average to 0.5102 and the overall polymorphism level was found to be 93.27%. STRUCTURE analysis and DARwin exhibited the presence of 4 clusters among 30 genotypes. ? 2017 The Authors
Development and characterization of genomic microsatellite markers in Rhododendron arboreum
(Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2014) Choudhary, Shruti; Thakur, Sapna; Saini, Ram Gopal; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Choudhary, S.; Thakur, S.; Saini, R.G.; Bhardwaj, P.
Population genetics characteristics are the fundamentals of conservation and management practices. Rhododendronarboreum, a key biodiversity component inhabiting Indian Himalayas, suffers from overexploitation and global warming. Using biotin?streptavidin hybridization technique, 41 microsatellite markers were designed from an enriched DNA library to provide a genetic background and an insight into the population structure of the species. With a range of 2?14 alleles amplified from 38 loci, the populations were reported with observed and expected heterozygosity of 0.167?0.933 and 0.422?0.917 respectively. Some of the loci showed significant deviations from Hardy?Weinberg equilibrium and overall no linkage disequilibrium was detected. These markers will support genetic diversity and further genotyping studies in R. arboreum. ? 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
Development and characterization of genomic microsatellite markers in Tinospora cordifolia
(Springer India, 2017) Gargi, Madhuranjana; Thakur, Sapna; Anand, Shashi Shekhar; Choudhary, Shruti; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Gargi, M.; Thakur, S.; Anand, S.S.; Choudhary, S.; Bhardwaj, P.
Development And Characterization Of SSR Markers In Calotropis Procera
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Vandana; Bhardwaj, Pankaj
Calotropis procera is a weed growing around the arid and semi-arid areas of the tropical and subtropical regions. The species has the potential to replace cotton and resolve the high rates of cotton-based products and at the same time reduce the use of synthetic non-biodegradable fibres. It has been used in various medicinal formulations from a long time. There is a need for developing molecular markers to facilitate breeding and genetic improvement of its varieties. Out of 12.6 million raw reads, 84636 reads were obtained after quality check and filtering. 93.7% of alignment rate and 76.31% of core genes were detected in Bowtie and BUSCO assessment, respectively. An average of 5.5 SSRs/Mb was obtained in 72.349 Mb transcriptome. 25 SSR markers were selected for characterization on 30 individuals representing 3 populations. 13 SSR loci were found polymorphic. In the population structure analysis a moderate level of genetic diversity (Na=3.9231, He=0.633) was predicted. The genetic variation among the population was found to be only 7% whereas within the population, it was 93%. The mean Shannon?s information index obtained was 1.1, showing significant diversity richness in the populations. The Dendrogram showed that the population from Bathinda and Ambala are closely related to each other than those from Barnala. The gene flow between Bathinda and Ambala population was found significantly high (6.439). The present set of loci had a high PIC value of 0.506 that makes them very informative to be further used for large scale studies.
Development and charaterization of UGMS markers for genetic diversity analysis in Rhododendron arboreum
(Central University of Punjab, 2013) Sharma, Gagan; Bhardwaj, Pankaj
Rhododendron arboreum is an ecologically important species growing in Himalayan regions. It is widely popular due to its medicinal potential, edible, sacred & economic value, however very little is known about its genetic diversity. The development and characterization of UGMS markers will provide a major impact on genetic diversity analysis. Total 792 (615 singletons and 177 contigs) unigenes were predicted from 1,241 publicly available EST database from NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) site in R.catawbiense by clustering of 2 - 33 random EST sequences. From 50 SSR contained Unigenes, 36 UGMS primers were designed for the cross amplification approach and six pairs of microsatellite primers were produced clear PCR amplification. The cross related species/genera transferability rate was 16.66% from R.catawbiense to R.arboreum. The polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.2756 to 0.9212 with an average of 0.5765.The average observed heterozygosity (Ho) was 0.8666 i.e. greater than average expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.6792. The genetic diversity was found with an average of 0.6222 within population of R.arboreum and genetic diversity found with an average of 0.3436 among the population.This study revealed the insight of abundance & distribution of microsatellite in the expressed region of the Rhododendron arboreum genome.
Development of genomic microsatellite markers in commiphora wightii
(Central University of Punjab, 2014) Kaur, Gaganpreet; Bhardwaj, Pankaj
Commiphora wightii is an important medicinal plant, growing in arid to semi- arid conditions. It is widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Madagascar and Asia. In India, the specie is found in South- Western India and parts of Central India. The plant on incision secretes an oleo gum resin, which is used to treat various ailments since ancient times. The oleo gum resins of plant contain guggulsterones which have great medicinal value. The other uses of gum are in perfumery, calicoprinting, dyeing silk and cotton, fumigation and incense for which the plant is getting exploited by unfair tapping methods. This plant has been listed in red data book so conservation of this plant is the need of present. For this it is necessary to know about the genetic diversity and population structure of the plant. Microsatellite markers are markers of choice for such studied because they are reproducible, co- dominant and show high levels of polymorphism. In the present study genomic SSR markers were developed. A total of 22 primer pairs were designed for which, 1913 clones were analysed for fragments containing microsatellite regions and 338 clones were found positive and are selected for sequencing. Sequencing results show a total of 212 fragments with perfect repeats, interrupted repeats and compound repeats (> 5 repeats). These primer pairs can be used in genetic diversity analysis of naturally growing populations of Commiphora wightii. They can also be used in MAS, genome selection during gene introgression in plant breeding, genome mapping and gene tagging. This will help in planning the conservation strategies as well as rational utilization of this endangered plant.
Differential Alternative Splicing Analysis Under Abiotic Stress Conditions In Barley (Hordeum Vulgare)
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Bisht, Diksha; Bhardwaj, Pankaj
Biotic and abiotic stress factors adversely affect the growth and development of plants, living in constantly changing environment. Plant abiotic stress responses seem to be frequently associated with the process of alternative splicing. Alternative splicing generates multiple products from a single gene by variable splicing of exons. RNA-seq utilizes NGS platforms to produce massive amount of sequence data. Using transcriptomic data, we tried to identify the differentially spliced genes in barley under heat and cadmium stress. Raw RNA seq data was pre-processed and aligned with reference barley genome. Then differential alternative splicing was analyzed on the basis of intron excision. In this study, a total of 196 significant differentially spliced clusters were found under two abiotic stress conditions, among them 47 and 149 clusters were associated with cadmium and heat stress condition, respectively. Overall, 133 fully annotated clusters and 63 unannotated clusters were observed. Further, annotation was performed for the significant genes to determine their functions. Some of these significant genes encode for splicing factors, stress tolerance protein, non snRNPs and antioxidants. From this study, it was concluded that barley undergo differential spliced events to maintain its homeostasis under different abiotic stress conditions.
Evaluation of chemical composition and groundwater and anticancer properties of citrullus colocynthis
(Central University of Punjab, 2014) Kaur, Jatinder; Bhardwaj, Pankaj
Colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis (L.)) is medicinal plant of family Cucurbitaceae which is the native of Turkey. This plant has been used as anti-inflammatory agent, for the treatment of jaundice, skin infections, and urinary diseases from ancient times. It is anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-parasitic, antifungal and anti-oxidant in nature and thought to possess anti-cancer properties also. There is no proper study available regarding its anticancer nature. The aim of the study was to estimate the chemical composition of C. colocynthis fruit and the effect of different extracts prepared from C. colocynthis pulp and seeds on various cancer cell lines. These extracts were found to contain number of secondary metabolites which may further have useful and healing properties. When cancer cells were treated with different prepared extracts, the cell viability of various cancer cells was reduced effectively. Effect of p53 gene was also analysed by using intact p53 as well as p53 mutant cell lines. Antioxidant activity of C. colocynthis was also determined by performing H2DCFDA. Assessment of various antioxidant enzymes such as Catalase, SOD, and Glutathione reductase was also done and found to be present in this fruit. We also analysed the protective effect of C. colocynthis by first treating the cells with pesticides and then with colocynthis extracts. Results indicate that C. colocynthis neutralized the harmful effect of pesticides. The results obtained are encouraging and confirm the value of the use of C. colocynthis as an anticancer agent for fighting against various cancers. It may be helpful to find the exact component responsible for the protective action of C. colocynthis.
Exploring microRNA profiles for circadian clock and flowering development regulation in Himalayan Rhododendron
(Elsevier, 2018) Choudhary, Shruti; Thakur, Sapna; Majeed, Aasim; Bhardwaj, Pankaj
miRNA is a non-coding, yet crucial entity in remodeling the genetic architecture. Rhododendron arboreum of Himalayas grows and even flower under fluctuating climate. sRNA from leaves of vegetative and reproductive periods was sequenced to elucidate its seasonal associations. Conserved (256) and novel (210) miRNAs and their precursors were located based on homology with plant databases and transcriptome of the species. 27,139 predicted targets were involved with metabolism, reproduction, and response to abiotic stimuli. A comparative analysis showed differential expression of 198 miRNAs with season-specific abundance of 103 miRNAs. Specific isoforms of 11 miRNA families exhibited a temporal expression and targeted different genes implying a complex regulation. The variable miRNA expression among the tissues of different conditions can be associated with the adaptability of the species, which will prove essential for further study on miRNAs mediating seasonal response. Moreover, exogenous cues also mediate phase transition via networking of flowering pathways and their components. In this context, 18 known families and 77 novel miRNAs modulating 117 genes crucial in circadian entrainment were filtered. A negative correlation was obtained between the expression of 18 of these miRNAs and their targets when tested through quantitative-PCR. It highlighted the role of miRNA-target pairs in perceiving environmental variabilities and monitoring flowering growth. Furthermore, a phylogenetic clustering was performed, which supported the lineage-specific evolution and function of putative miR156 sequence in the species. This documentation of genome-wide profiling of miRNA, their targets, and expression will enhance the understanding of developmental and climate-tolerance strategies in high-altitude trees.
Gene and metabolite profiling reveals flowering and survival strategies in Himalayan Rhododendron arboreum
(Elsevier, 2019) Choudhary, Shurti; Thakur, Sapna; Jaitak, Vikas; Bhardwaj, Pankaj
Rhododendron arboreum inhabits the Himalayan climate otherwise detrimental to many species, though the underlying survival mechanism remains unclear. Such temperate species have an inherent endurance towards freezing temperature which is prerequisite for an initiation and transition to flowering phase. Orchestrating the molecular architecture is vital towards managing distinct abiotic signals. To determine the molecular factors directing growth, development, and tolerance under environmental extremes in the species, the high-throughput transcriptome and metabolome data from vegetative as well as cold-acclimatized flowering season tissues were generated. Firstly, the de novo assembly pertaining to the foliar and floral tissues comprising of 157,427 unigenes was examined for a comparative analysis. 4149 of 12,577 transcripts observed with a significant fluctuating expression corresponded to seasonal retorts. Following the interactive network, 525 genes were distinguished as the epicenters of sense, response, and tolerance. Secondly, liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was adopted to profile the extent of metabolite richness across the tissues of two seasons. Taking into account the formula-based mappings offered by MetaboSearch tool, 421 unique ions obtained were annotated to 173 KEGG compounds, especially secondary metabolites. Moreover, by integrating the transcript and metabolite annotations, it was found that right from active metabolism, signaling, development, and their regulations, supplementary response to abiotic/biotic stimuli was induced. A multifaceted response displayed during flowering not only sponsored the climatic encounters but brought the shift from vegetative to reproductive growth. Overall, this comprehensive approach following transcriptome and non-targeted metabolome elucidated the contribution of genetic and metabolic factors in environmental responses
Genetic diversity and polpulation analysis of melia azaderach L. by Rapd markers in bathinda and adjoing regions
(Central University of Punjab, 2013) Navgeet; Bhardwaj, Pankaj
Melia azedarach L. is an ecologically imperative species growing in Thar Desert. Biological effects such as antiviral, anthelminthic, antibacterial etc. makes it important, yet a little is known about its genetic diversity and structure. In this study, 30 RAPD primers were employed for DNA profiling of 47 individuals representing 6 populations from different geographic locales. A total of 87 bands were scored with an average of 2.9 bands per primer. The PIC ranged from 0.1195 to 0.4998 with an average of 0.4160. Nei's genetic diversity (h) and Shannon's information index (I) ranged from 0 to 0.5 and 0 to 0.6931 with an average Nei's genetic diversity of 0.2422. The gene flow (Nm) 1.4381 and the genetic diversity of 0.2381 at species level demonstrated overall high level of genetic diversity. Cladistics analysis using DARwin and Bayesian cluster analysis using STRUCTURE placed 47 individuals into two main clusters or original genetic stocks (K=2) which showed little or no association with the geographic origin. The lack of clear assignment of individuals to geographic regions of sampling and consideration of different populations in the same genetic cluster suggests a recent common evolutionary history.