Browsing by Author "Sachdeva, Saloni"

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    Agricultural Wastes: A Feedstock for Citric Acid Production Through Microbial Pathway
    (CRC Press, 2023-06-02T00:00:00) Sachdeva, Saloni; Banu, Rajesh; Nandabalan, Yogalakshmi Kadapakkam
    Citric acid holds a dominant position in industrial manufacturing due to its widespread application. It can be extricated as natural products through microbial pathways. A greater part of citric acid production is currently achieved by fermentation techniques where molasses/starch-based media are used. Microbial strains such as Penicillium spp, Aspergillus spp, Acremonium spp, and many others excrete variable amounts of citric acid as a primary metabolite. So far, Aspergillus niger has been recognized to produce a higher yield of around 112 g of citric acid /100 g of sucrose. However, the increasing demands has necessiated the need for more efficient procedures to enhance the yield. Several studies have been documented where agri-wastes such as rice straw, coconut husk, corn stalk, apple pomace, sugarcane bagasse, and many others were subjected to varied microorganisms (mainly fungal species) to increase the productivity of citric acid. Substantial citric acids have been produced using genetically modifying organisms (fungi Aspergillus and yeast Candida) and divergent combinations of microbe-substrate, but large-scale production has not yet been established. Also, the utilization of these fossil carbon sources has caused environmental deterioration, which instigates interest in agricultural waste as a potential substrate. Agricultural wastes are considered an economically feasible option and a renewable source that can be consumed by plenty of microorganisms. This chapter covers a detailed description of agri-waste bioconversion to citric acid which can further help in this fast-moving domain. � 2023 selection and editorial matter Gustavo Molina, Minaxi Sharma, Vipin Chandra Kalia, Franciele Maria Pelissari, Vijai Kumar Gupta, individual chapters, the contributors.
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    Efficacy of biotic components in constructed wetlands for mitigating pesticides
    (Elsevier, 2023-03-17T00:00:00) Sachdeva, Saloni; Chowdari, Jabili; Patro, Ashmita; Mittal, Sunil; Sahoo, Prafulla Kumar
    Modern agricultural practices pose a significant danger to the aquatic ecosystem. Synthetic pesticides derived from agricultural activities are the most lethal and persistent substances that endanger the planet's ecology and human health; ineffective traditional waste-water treatment systems worsen the situation. On that account, these traditional technologies need to be upgraded and constructed wetlands have come to the fore as an environment and user-friendly technology. CWs consists of different type of biotic components, e.g., plants, microbes and abiotic components, e.g., gravels, sand, etc. which not only removes various types of organic pollutants but also help in their sustainable degradation into a simpler form. However, the factor circumscribing the effective implementation of constructed wetlands is the choice of aquatic macrophytes. The present chapter is an attempt to give a brief insight into using CWs for the treatment and removal of different types of pesticides present in wastewaters having different origins. Selected studies have been scrutinized for more than 60 aquatic macrophytes and 18 unconventional substrates that have shown promising results to mitigate pesticides from nonpoint water sources. Among various biological components, emergent macrophytes (P. australis, T. latiflolia, C. indica, and J. effuses) and associated microorganisms are the most suitable choice for constructed wetlands. Apart from pesticide reduction, macrophytes effectively stabilize the bed surface, reduces clogging, improve filtering, and promote microbial development. Following that, microorganisms can remove contaminants by accelerating chemical processes, biodegradation, and biosorption, as well as promoting plant development. Overall, the present chapter aims to highlight the importance of looking into the holistic interactions of macrophyte-microorganisms for a magnified outcome of removal efficacy. � 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Lignocellulosic Biorefinery Technologies: A Perception into Recent Advances in Biomass Fractionation, Biorefineries, Economic Hurdles and Market Outlook
    (MDPI, 2023-03-01T00:00:00) K.N, Yogalakshmi; T.M, Mohamed Usman; Kavitha, S.; Sachdeva, Saloni; Thakur, Shivani; Adish Kumar, S.; J, Rajesh Banu
    Lignocellulosic biomasses (LCB) are sustainable and abundantly available feedstocks for the production of biofuel and biochemicals via suitable bioconversion processing. The main aim of this review is to focus on strategies needed for the progression of viable lignocellulosic biomass-based biorefineries (integrated approaches) to generate biofuels and biochemicals. Processing biomass in a sustainable manner is a major challenge that demands the accomplishment of basic requirements relating to cost effectiveness and environmental sustainability. The challenges associated with biomass availability and the bioconversion process have been explained in detail in this review. Limitations associated with biomass structural composition can obstruct the feasibility of biofuel production, especially in mono-process approaches. In such cases, biorefinery approaches and integrated systems certainly lead to improved biofuel conversion. This review paper provides a summary of mono and integrated approaches, their limitations and advantages in LCB bioconversion to biofuel and biochemicals. � 2023 by the authors.
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    Recent advances in biochar amendments for immobilization of heavy metals in an agricultural ecosystem: A systematic review
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2023-01-03T00:00:00) Sachdeva, Saloni; Kumar, Rakesh; Sahoo, Prafulla Kumar; Nadda, Ashok Kumar
    Over the last several decades, extensive and inefficient use of contemporary technologies has resulted in substantial environmental pollution, predominantly caused by potentially hazardous elements (PTEs), like heavy metals that severely harm living species. To combat the presence of heavy metals (HMs) in the agrarian system, biochar becomes an attractive approach for stabilizing and limiting availability of HMs in soils due to its high surface area, porosity, pH, aromatic structure as well as several functional groups, which mostly rely on the feedstock and pyrolysis temperature. Additionally, agricultural waste-derived biochar is an effective management option to ensure carbon neutrality and circular economy while also addressing social and environmental concerns. Given these diverse parameters, the present systematic evaluation seeks to (i) ascertain the effectiveness of heavy metal immobilization by agro waste-derived biochar; (ii) examine the presence of biochar on soil physico-chemical, and thermal properties, along with microbial diversity; (iii) explore the underlying mechanisms responsible for the reduction in heavy metal concentration; and (iv) possibility of biochar implications to advance circular economy approach. The collection of more than 200 papers catalogues the immobilization efficiency of biochar in agricultural soil and its impacts on soil from multi-angle perspectives. The data gathered suggests that pristine biochar effectively reduced cationic heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni) and Cr mobilization and uptake by plants, whereas modified biochar effectively reduced As in soil and plant systems. However, the exact mechanism underlying is a complex biochar-soil interaction. In addition to successfully immobilizing heavy metals in the soil, the application of biochar improved soil fertility and increased agricultural productivity. However, the lack of knowledge on unfavorable impacts on the agricultural systems, along with discrepancies between the use of biochar and experimental conditions, impeded a thorough understanding on a deeper level. � 2023 Elsevier Ltd
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    Uranium and Fluoride Accumulation in Vegetable and Cereal Crops: A Review on Current Status and Crop-Wise Differences
    (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2023-09-19T00:00:00) Sachdeva, Saloni; Powell, Mike A.; Nandini, Girish; Kumar, Hemant; Kumar, Rakesh; Sahoo, Prafulla Kumar
    Uranium (U) and fluoride (F?) contamination in agricultural products, especially vegetable and cereal crops, has raised serious concerns about food safety and human health on a global scale. To date, numerous studies have reported U and F? contamination in vegetable and cereal crops at local scales, but the available information is dispersed, and crop-wise differences are lacking. This paper reviews the current status of knowledge on this subject by compiling relevant published literatures between 1983 and 2023 using databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Medline, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Based on the median values, F? levels ranged from 0.5 to 177 mg/kg, with higher concentrations in non-leafy vegetables, such as Indian squash �Praecitrullus fistulosus� (177 mg/kg) and cucumber �Cucumis sativus� (96.25 mg/kg). For leafy vegetables, the maximum levels were recorded in bathua �Chenopodium album� (72.01 mg/kg) and mint �Mentha arvensis� (44.34 mg/kg), where more than 50% of the vegetable varieties had concentrations of >4 mg/kg. The concentration of U ranged from 0.01 to 17.28 mg/kg; tubers and peels of non-leafy vegetables, particularly radishes �Raphanus sativus� (1.15 mg/kg) and cucumber �Cucumis sativus� (0.42 mg/kg), contained higher levels. These crops have the potential to form organometallic complexes with U, resulting in more severe threats to human health. For cereal crops (based on median values), the maximum F? level was found in bajra �Pennisetum glaucum� (15.18 mg/kg), followed by chana �Cicer arietinum� (7.8 mg/kg) and split green gram �Vigna mungo� (4.14 mg/kg), while the maximum accumulation of U was recorded for barley �Hordeum vulgare� (2.89 mg/kg), followed by split green gram �Vigna mungo� (0.45 mg/kg). There are significant differences in U and F? concentrations in either crop type based on individual studies or countries. These differences can be explained mainly due to changes in geogenic and anthropogenic factors, thereby making policy decisions related to health and intake difficult at even small spatial scales. Methodologies for comprehensive regional�or larger�policy scales will require further research and should include strategies to restrict crop intake in specified �hot spots�. � 2023 by the authors.
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    Zero Waste Biorefinery: A Comprehensive Outlook
    (Springer Nature, 2022-01-12T00:00:00) Sachdeva, Saloni; Garg, Vinod K.; Labhsetwar, Nitin K.; Singh, Anita; Yogalakshmi, K.N.
    With the advancement in urbanization and industrialization, there�s sharp resource exhaustion along with instability in the global economy. Currently, most of the economies and industries follow a take-make-disposal pattern of production and consumption. This linear pattern magnifies the constraints on the availability of the resources and subsequently leads to hiked prices, unsustainable overuse, and economic volatility. Considering the circumstances, developed and developing nations are in lust after new, sustainable and carbon-free economic models to make the planet liveable. In pursuit of feasible advancements, the scientific community has already started exploring approaches to re-use or re-cycle different components across the production-consumption succession and put back the residue into the cycle of product generation, commonly conceptualized as a zero waste biorefinery. The researcher's expertise in this domain emphasis integrating the bioeconomy into a closed and re-circulating loop system to compensate for the burgeoning demands of humans. Biomass wastes from various industrial and agricultural operations have pushed the shortcomings into circular bioeconomy that not only adds auxiliary value but articulate social and environmental concerns as well. Henceforth, the present chapter provides a comprehensive outlook on various aspects of zero waste bio-refinery as a sustainable technology to process lignocellulosic wastes, algal waste, and residues into value-added products. � 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.