Mphil Thesis

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://kr.cup.edu.in/handle/32116/157

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End date: 2018Has files: No

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    Flow of Institutional Credit in Indian Agriculture: Growth and Performance.
    (Central University of Punjab, 2015) Kaur, Pushpinder; Singla, Naresh
    Institutional credit plays an important role in agricultural development as it enables the farmers to undertake new investments and/or use of modern agricultural technologies for enhancing agricultural production. The emphasis on the institutional credit is being placed since the beginning of planned development era in India. As a result, several institutional agencies such as cooperatives, regional rural banks (RRBs), scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) etc. are involved in disbursement of short and long term institutional credit. Besides, acceptance of Rural Credit Survey Committee Report (1954), nationalization of major commercial banks (1969 and 1980), establishment of RRBs (1975), establishment of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) (1982), the financial sector reforms (1991 onwards) etc. led to manifold increase in the flow of institutional credit in agriculture. Similarly, during post reform period, Special Agricultural Credit Plan (1994-95), initiating of Kisan Credit Cards (KCCs) (1998-99), and Doubling Agricultural Credit Plan within three years (2004) placed emphasis on increase flow of institutional credit. No doubt, these policy level changes have increased flow of institutional credit for agriculture, but many changes have also taken place among the various institutional sources in distribution of agricultural credit. It is also argued that large chunk of institutional credit has gone to those states, where green revolution took place and states have higher agricultural productivities than lower productivity states. The study is a step in this direction to examine the growth and pattern in flow of institutional credit in Indian agriculture by various agencies. The study is mainly based on various secondary data sources such as Handbook of Statistics of Indian Economy published by the Reserve Bank of India, Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, Economic Survey of India, etc. during 1980-81 to 2011-12. The structure of the sources of credit has witnessed a clear shift in favor of commercial banks. The share of investment credit in total credit has also declined, which may restrict the agricultural sector to realize its full potential. The study also points that institutional credit delivery to the agriculture sector still continues to be inadequate as about 30% of credit is financed by non-institutional agencies, which includes money lenders. SCBs are still hesitant to disburse agricultural credit to small and marginal farmers. There also exist large inter-state variations in distribution of agricultural credit per hectare and KCCs. Finally, the study concludes that efficiency in the credit delivery system in rural areas should be improved by revamping cooperative credit structure. Also, concerted efforts should also be made to increase the flow of indirect institutional credit for development of infrastructures such as irrigation, electricity, marketing, storage, extension services, etc which will go a long way in improving the productivity of the agricultural sector.
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    Selection for salt tolrance in petunia grandiflora
    (Central University of Punjab, 2014) Najar, Raoof Ahmad; Saini,R.G
    Petunia grandiflora a native of South America is a popular and high value ornamental plant in the world. Soil salinity is the major abiotic stress in semi-arid Malwa region of Punjab, adversely affecting its productivity, survival and quality. In order to develop salt resistant varieties of P. grandiflora, an attempt was made to select salt tolerant seedlings from varieties Violet Blue, Giant California and Nana compecta by using ex-vitro and in-vitro methods. Seedlings were subjected to salt treatments of 100 mM, 200 mM, 300 mM, 400 mM, 500 mM and 600 mM for durations of 4 hr, 6 hr, 12 hr and 24 hours. Salt treatment reduced shoot length, leaf number and survival percentages and delayed days to 50% flowering. Variety Nana Compecta was identified as tolerant to salt and variety Giant California was most sensitive to soil salinity. In in-vitro method of gradual increase in NaCl concentration (0, 25, 50, 75 and 150 mM) from low to high level was found to be a better approach for selecting salt tolerant calli as compared to direct method in which direct transfer of calli to high salt concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mM) was found to be detrimental to callus survival and growth. Treatment of calli upto 50 mM salt concentrations was good for shoot regeneration in all the three varieties. Protocol was standardized for callus induction, direct shoot induction from leaves, shoot regeneration from callus and root induction from shoots. For callus induction, 2 mg/l 2, 4-D and 0.5 mg/l kinetin was optimum for variety Violet Blue and 1 mg/l both BAP and NAA was optimum for varieties Giant California and Nana Compecta. For direct shoot induction from leaves 2 mg/l BAP and 0.1 mg/l NAA were good for all the three varieties. For shoot regeneration from calli, 2 mg/l BAP in combination with 0.1 IAA for variety Violet Blue and 1 mg/l both BAP and NAA for varieties Giant California and Nana Compecta were ideal. For root induction, 0.5 mg/l NAA and 0.1 mg/l IBA were ideal for all the three varieties. Seeds from plants grown ex-vitro showing tolerance to salt were harvested and stored for further testing.
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    Preparation and characterization of cathode material for energy storage/conversion devices
    (Central University of Punjab, 2016) Sangeeta
    Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) have evoked an intense interest in recent times for potential applications in marines, aerospace and automotive industries owing to their larger strength to weight ratio and high-temperature resistance. We have synthesized nanocomposites of (LaMnO3)1-x/(TiO2)x and (Fe2O3)1-x/(Cr2O3)x with varying concentration of TiO2 (x = 0.0-0.4) and Cr2O3 (x = 0.0-1.0). In the first chapter, includes the introduction of the metal matrix nanocomposites and their advantages. In the second chapter we have discussed about the literature review and knowledge gap. Chapter 3 involves the experimental procedure and discussion of different characterization techniques (XRD, FTIR, FESEM and EDS) used to study the prepared sample. Chapter 4 involves result and discussions obtained by characterizing the prepared sample. XRD analysis confirms the orthorhombic structure of (LaMnO3)/(TiO2) and rhombohedral structure (Fe2O3)/(Cr2O3) nanocomposites. From FESEM we have calculated the particle size for pure (LaMnO3) is 1 m and for (LaMnO3)1-x/(TiO2)x and its value decreases from 19.99- 16.91 nm with increase the concentration of TiO2 from x = 0.1-0.4. We have also calculated the band gap and refractive index from the FTIR analysis and found that gradual increase in band gap from 2.1-2.26 eV and decrease in refractive index from 2.67-2.62 as the concentration of TiO2 increases (x = 0.0-0.4). The (Fe2O3)/(Cr2O3) iv nanocomposites showed that increase in band gap 2.1-3.0 eV with decrease in particle size from 70.71-49.24 nm and refractive index from 2.67-2.44 as the concentration and Cr2O3 increases (x = 0.0-1.0.) The FTIR confirms all the functional groups present in the synthesized samples. The main application of these as- synthesized nanocomposites is photocatalysis.
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    Synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles
    (Central University of Punjab, 2016) Singh, Gurdhir; Yadav, Kamlesh
    Chickpea is self pollinated legume crop which was believed firstly originated in South-Eastern Turkey and parts of Syria. Chickpea is the second most important pulse crop in the world. In Northern India, chickpea is grown in winter season. Preconditioning the plant with mild drought stress may trigger the various signaling pathways which will prepare the plants to conquer lethal cold stress. In this study, PBG1, PBG5 and GPF2 variety are more sensitive to the chilling stress, which were preconditioned with mild drought stress and then exposed to lethal cold stress. To see the effect of preconditioning various cell responses were monitored by measuring ELI, Relative Water Content and chlorophyll content at different stages of chickpea. All genotypes generated a variable response. Overall, relative water content and chlorophyll content were significantly higher in preconditioned PBG1, GPF2 and PBG5, which are sensitive to chilling stress. The study showed increase tolerance capacity in preconditioned plant towards chilling temperature and improve tolerance against chickpea.
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    Spatio-temporal assessment of imperious surfaces and their impacts on land surface temperature in bathinda city punjab
    (Central University of Punjab, 2016) Singh, Sangita; Pandey, Puneeta
    Experimental discovery of graphene has opened up the door for the researcher in the field of 2D materials. After the successful synthesis of the graphene, new classes of the 2D material are emerging. Phosphorene, single layer of Phosphorous atoms, is one of those materials which was recently discovered in year 2014. In present study, we have focused on the Blue-Phosphorene nanoribbons which is one of the stable allotrope of phosphorene. Our DFT-based calculations suggest the electronic properties of blue phosphorene nanoribbons to have strong dependence on the edge structure. The passivation plays important role in the electronic properties of the Blue Phosphorene nanoribbons. In our work, we have also performed the calculations for mechanical strength, width and strain depended electronic properties of the Blue Phosphorene nanoribbons. It was found that the zigzag phosphorene nanoribbon (ZPNR) possess more mechanical strength than the armchair phosphorene nanoribbon (APNR). The electronic band gap is found to be inversely proportional to the width of the nanoribbons. On applying mechanical strain, the band gap the nanoribbon decreases and at specific high value of strain semiconductor to metallic transition occur. Our results may finds applications in Nanoelectronic devices based on the phosphorene based nanoribbons.
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    Location determinants of indian outward foreign direct investment: A study of second generation of globalization
    (Central University of Punjab, 2015) Singh, Satinder; Kaur, Sandeep
    Institutional credit plays an important role in agricultural development as it enables the farmers to undertake new investments and/or use of modern agricultural technologies for enhancing agricultural production. The emphasis on the institutional credit is being placed since the beginning of planned development era in India. As a result, several institutional agencies such as cooperatives, regional rural banks (RRBs), scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) etc. are involved in disbursement of short and long term institutional credit. Besides, acceptance of Rural Credit Survey Committee Report (1954), nationalization of major commercial banks (1969 and 1980), establishment of RRBs (1975), establishment of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) (1982), the financial sector reforms (1991 onwards) etc. led to manifold increase in the flow of institutional credit in agriculture. Similarly, during post reform period, Special Agricultural Credit Plan (1994-95), initiating of Kisan Credit Cards (KCCs) (1998- 99), and Doubling Agricultural Credit Plan within three years (2004) placed emphasis on increase flow of institutional credit. No doubt, these policy level changes have increased flow of institutional credit for agriculture, but many ii changes have also taken place among the various institutional sources in distribution of agricultural credit. It is also argued that large chunk of institutional credit has gone to those states, where green revolution took place and states have higher agricultural productivities than lower productivity states. The study is a step in this direction to examine the growth and pattern in flow of institutional credit in Indian agriculture by various agencies. The study is mainly based on various secondary data sources such as Handbook of Statistics of Indian Economy published by the Reserve Bank of India, Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, Economic Survey of India, etc. during 1980-81 to 2011-12. The structure of the sources of credit has witnessed a clear shift in favor of commercial banks. The share of investment credit in total credit has also declined, which may restrict the agricultural sector to realize its full potential. The study also points that institutional credit delivery to the agriculture sector still continues to be inadequate as about 30% of credit is financed by non-institutional agencies, which includes money lenders. SCBs are still hesitant to disburse agricultural credit to small and marginal farmers. There also exist large inter-state variations in distribution of agricultural credit per hectare and KCCs. Finally, the study concludes that efficiency in the credit delivery system in rural areas should be improved by revamping cooperative credit structure. Also, concerted efforts should also be made to increase the flow of indirect institutional credit for development of infrastructures such as irrigation, electricity, marketing, storage, extension services, etc which will go a long way in improving the productivity of the agricultural sector.
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    Cross Loc trade facilitation: A Case study of two TFCs
    (Central University of Punjab, 2015) Dar, Zahid Ul Islam; Kaur, Sandeep
    Structural transformation is a process by which the relative importance of different sectors and activities of an economy changes over time. The Kerala economy is also undergoing the transformation from traditional backward agrarian economy to a modern service sector led economy. The significance of the present study lies in the fact that the whole process of structural transformation of the Kerala economy has not so far been addressed in a detailed and comprehensive manner in the earlier studies. No specific attempt has been made to relate the pattern of agricultural development with the structural transformations in the Kerala economy. In this study, an attempt has been made to examine the structural changes and growth performance and pattern of agricultural development in Kerala economy. The study mainly covers a period of 1980-81 to 2010-11. The study has found that the share of primary sector in GSDP has declined sharply, but the corresponding decline in employment share has not taken place. Moreover, the excess labour force has moved from primary sector to secondary sector, thus causing abundance in secondary sector and there was only a meager increase in share of income from ii secondary sector in GSDP. The share of income from services sector in GSDP has increased sharply, but it failed to register a sharp increase in employment. Thus, it follows that Kerala did not experience a sequential growth process (as propounded by structural change growth theories) as the service sector led growth did not provide employment matching with its income and the process of industrialization failed to take off as share of income from secondary sector did not commensurate with the level of employment in the sector. The changes in land use pattern in Kerala were unprecedented during the past decades in terms of deforestation, increase in area as current fallow, increase in area under non-agricultural land, decrease in both net area sown and gross cropped area resulting in decline in cropping intensity. Irrigation intensity of only 20 per cent points that about 80 per cent of the cropped area is rain-fed. Kerala witnessed shift in the copping pattern in favour of non-food crops at the expense of food crops as crops such as pulses, rice, tapioca, cashewnut, ginger were replaced by commercial cash crops like rubber and coconut. The declining cultivable area, predominance of tiny and fragmented holdings, decline in work force in terms of reduction in agricultural labour and cultivator has made farming more vulnerable. Finally, the study has suggested some policy suggestions such as training to labour moved to secondary sector, keeping a check on the area under food crops, bringing more area under assured irrigation, strict law enforcing mechanism to avoid unnecessary conversion of agricultural land to non-farming activities, creation of "Labour Banks" to revive agricultural economy of the Kerala.