Environmental Science And Technology - Master Dissertation
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Item Encapsulation of Monoterpene and Sesquiterpene to Enhance their Biological Properties along with Physico-chemical Characterization(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Radha, Anu; Mittal, SunilEssential oils are secondary metabolites that are basically involved in defense mechanism of plants. They have several properties in different sectors like perfume industry, pharmaceuticals etc. Moreover, their biological properties have been reported against bacteria, virus, fungi, nematodes and other pests and pathogens of crops. However, their beneficial properties cannot be explored due to their volatile nature, thermal instabilityand rapid oxidation on exposure to air. Therefore, the present work was carried out to encapsulate the essential oil constituents i.e., eugenol and ?-caryophyllene. Encapsulation was carried out using biodegradable polymer i.e. ?-cyclodextrin. The encapsulated material was further subjected to physico-chemical characterization to verify the encapsulation of guest material inside the host material. Peaks obtained in GC-MS analysis using DCM as solvent confirmed the presence of eugenol and ?-caryophyllene. ?maxfor eugenol and?-caryophyllene was observed at 280 nm and 230 nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometer.Encapsulation of eugenol and ?-caryophyllene was also confirmed by taking absorbance at 280 nm and 230 nm, respectively. On the other hand, ?-cyclodextrin (control) didn't show absorbance at 200-400 nm. Surface Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed the morphology of the encapsulated material with rough surface, cracks and sharp edges. Encapsulated particles were reported to have size in micrometers via SEM and were therefore, referred as microparticles. The most informative technique i.e., Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy, alsoconfirmed the interaction of guest and host molecule. The FTIR spectrum of eugenol showed characteristic peaks at 3516 cm-1 (OH), 2842-3000 cm-1 (C-H stretching), and 1511 cm-1, 1611 cm-1 and 1638 cm-1 (C=C aromatic ring). The FTIR spectrum of ?-caryophyllene showed bands at 3067-2856 cm-1 and 1671-885 cm-1. Thermal property of eugenol and ?-caryophyllene was also improved by encapsulation. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curve for eugenol and ?-caryophyllene showed 100% weight loss in the range of 30°C-215°C whereas the weight loss of encapsulated eugenol and ?-caryophyllene occurred in the range of 300-580 °C, respectively.Item Performance of magnetic iron nanoparticle decorated electrodes single chambered MEC fed with combined leachate and dairy industry wastewater(Central University of Punjab, 2017) Deepika; Yogalakshmi, K.N.Increased human activity and consumption of natural energy resources have led to decline in the stock of fossil fuels. The current technologies used for energy generation are not environment friendly. Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) represents a new approach for harnessing the energy contained in the organic matter of wastewater. It is a type of bioelectrochemical systems in which chemical energy stored in organic compounds are converted to biogas such as hydrogen through biocatalytic oxidation by microorganisms. But it still suffers from the lack of efficiency in terms of hydrogen production and current generation. Previous studies have demonstrated that the electrodes coated with nanoparticles such as Fe, Au, Pd, and Ni nanoparticles have the potential to enhance energy recovery in MEC. Hence, the present study aims to use single chambered membrane-less microbial electrolysis cell with magnetic iron nanoparticle coated electrodes for treating combined leachate and dairy industry wastewater. The performance of the MEC was assessed through COD removal, current and biogas generation at an applied voltage of 0.8 V and HRT of 48 hours. Results demonstrated that the maximum current density achieved by nanoparticles decorated electrodes was 3.86 times higher than iv generated by plain electrodes. The highest COD removal efficiency of 96.5% was achieved at OLR equal to 17.14 gCOD/L/d. The maximum coulombic efficiency of 155% represents the conversion of maximum chemical energy stored in the combined wastewater into electrical energy. The hydrogen production rate of 3.192 L/L/d was achieved in this study. The results shows that magnetic iron nanoparticle coated electrodes enhance the current generation and COD removal in single chambered MEC operated with combined leachate and dairy wastewater treatment.Item Polyelectrolyte modificaion of microfiltration for removal of arsenic lons(Central University of Punjab, 2017) Bala, Bindu; Yogalakshmi, K.N.Increased human activity and consumption of natural energy resources have led to decline in the stock of fossil fuels. The current technologies used for energy generation are not environment friendly. Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) represents a new approach for harnessing the energy contained in the organic matter of wastewater. It is a type of bioelectrochemical systems in which chemical energy stored in organic compounds are converted to biogas such as hydrogen through biocatalytic oxidation by microorganisms. But it still suffers from the lack of efficiency in terms of hydrogen production and current generation. Previous studies have demonstrated that the electrodes coated with nanoparticles such as Fe, Au, Pd, and Ni nanoparticles have the potential to enhance energy recovery in MEC. Hence, the present study aims to use single chambered membrane-less microbial electrolysis cell with magnetic iron nanoparticle coated electrodes for treating combined leachate and dairy industry wastewater. The performance of the MEC was assessed through COD removal, current and biogas generation at an applied voltage of 0.8 V and HRT of 48 hours. Results demonstrated that the maximum current density achieved by nanoparticles decorated electrodes was 3.86 times higher than iv generated by plain electrodes. The highest COD removal efficiency of 96.5% was achieved at OLR equal to 17.14 gCOD/L/d. The maximum coulombic efficiency of 155% represents the conversion of maximum chemical energy stored in the combined wastewater into electrical energy. The hydrogen production rate of 3.192 L/L/d was achieved in this study. The results shows that magnetic iron nanoparticle coated electrodes enhance the current generation and COD removal in single chambered MEC operated with combined leachate and dairy wastewater treatment.Item A human rights approach to environment protection in india(Central University of Punjab, 2014) Kumar, Abhishek; Pathak, PuneetHuman Rights and Environment protection have traditionally been envisaged as two distinct independent approaches intended for the well-being of humanity. Towards the last two decades, the perception arose that the cause of protection of the environment could be promoted by setting it in the framework of human rights. It is evident by the outcome documents of international conferences, emerging international environmental law and its practices which considers the human rights framework is an effective means to achieving the ends of conservation and environment protection. However, the concept of sustainable development has tried to mitigate environmental problems to a great extent but the gradual application of human rights approaches to environment protection have proved to be more fruitful. As environmental law is in the process of evolving so, it needs to have a strong and well-defined structure for wide recognition. It goes without saying that the relationship of human rights and environment protection are indispensable as environment degradation leads to numerous human rights violations. The present study is intended to describe the interlinkage between environmental protection and human rights approaches by analysing instruments, initiatives taken by environmental and human rights bodies and the judicial pronouncement of various trabunals. It also endeavour to search the linkage by analysing different kinds of stiff resistance against mega projects resulted environmental degradation, migration, unemployment and the violation of other human rights in India. Further, it describes the role of the Indian Judiciary in the development of Indian environmental jurisprudence by putting the issue of environment in the framework of fundamental rights. The credit for striking a balance between development and the environment goes to the judiciary by its own vibrant interpretation to meet the constitutional objectives.