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Item Chemical characterization, phytotoxic, and cytotoxic activities of essential oil of Mentha longifolia(Springer, 2020) Singh, N; Singh, H.P; Batish, D.R; Kohli, R.K; Yadav, S.S.The present study assessed the phytotoxic and cytotoxic potential of the essential oil (EO) extracted from aboveground parts of Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed 39 compounds constituting 99.67% of the EO. The EO was rich in monoterpenoids (mostly oxygenated monoterpenes), which accounted for 89.28% of the oil. The major components in EO were monoterpene ketones such as piperitone oxide (53.83%) and piperitenone oxide (11.52%), followed by thymol (5.80%), and (E)-caryophyllene (4.88%). The phytotoxic activities of EO were estimated against Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Oryza sativa (rice) through pre- and post-emergence assays at concentrations ranging from 10 to 250 μg/ml and 0.5–5%, respectively. In pre-emergence assay, the phytotoxic effect of EO was most pronounced on C. rotundus, thereby significantly affecting percent germination, plantlet growth, and chlorophyll content. On the contrary, the impact was comparatively lesser on rice, with ~ 40% germination in response to 250 μg/ml of EO treatment. In the post-emergence assay, the spray treatment of EO caused a loss of chlorophyll and wilting in test plants, and subsequently affected the growth of plants, even leading to death in some cases. The cytotoxic activity of (at 2.5–50 μg/ml) was studied in meristem cells in onion (Allium cepa L.) root tips. EO exposure to the onion roots induced various chromosomal aberrations such as chromosomal bridges, c-mitosis, stickiness, vagrant chromosomes, etc., and negatively affected the mitotic index. At 50 μg/ml, EO treatment triggered the complete death of roots. The study concludes that M. longifolia EO has phytotoxic activities due to the mito-depressive effect, along with other physiological effects on target plants. Therefore, EO of M. longifolia could be developed into a novel bioherbicide for sustainable management of weeds in agricultural systems. - 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.Item Comparative cyto- and genotoxicity of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz electromagnetic field radiations in root meristems of Allium cepa(Academic Press, 2020) Kumar A.; Kaur S.; Chandel S.; Singh H.P.; Batish D.R.; Kohli R.K.In the last few decades, tremendous increase in the use of wireless electronic gadgets, particularly the cell phones, has significantly enhanced the levels of electromagnetic field radiations (EMF-r) in the environment. Therefore, it is pertinent to study the effect of these radiations on biological systems including plants. We investigated comparative cytotoxic and DNA damaging effects of 900 and 1800 MHz EMF-r in Allium cepa (onion) root meristematic cells in terms of mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Onion bulbs were subjected to 900 and 1800 MHz (at power densities 261 ± 8.50 mW m?2 and 332 ± 10.36 mW m?2, respectively) of EMF-r for 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h. Root length declined by 13.2% and 12.3%, whereas root thickness was increased by 46.7% and 48.3% after 4 h exposure to 900 MHz and 1800 MHz, respectively. Cytogenetic studies exhibited clastogenic effect of EMF-r as depicted by increased CAs and MI. MI increased by 36% and 53% after 2 and 4 h exposure to 900 MHz EMF-r, whereas it increased by 41% and 67% in response to 1800 MHz EMF-r. Aberration index was increased by 41%–266% and 14%–257% during 0.5–4 h of exposure to 900 MHz and 1800 MHz, respectively, over the control. EMF-r exposure decreased % head DNA (DNAH) and increased % tail DNA (DNAT) and olive tail moment (OTM) at both 900 and 1800 EMF-r. In 4 h exposure treatments, head DNA (%) declined by 19% and 23% at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz, respectively. DNAT and OTM were increased by 2.3 and 3.7 fold upon exposure to 900 MHz EMF-r over that in the control, whereas 2.8 and 5.8 fold increase was observed in response to 1800 MHz EMF-r exposure for 4 h and the difference was statistically significant. The study concludes that EMF-r in the communication range (900 and 1800 MHz) adversely affect root meristems in plants and induce cytotoxic and DNA damage. EMF-r induced DNA damage was more pronounced at 1800 MHz than that at 900 MHz.Item Appraisal of phytotoxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of essential oil of a medicinal plant Vitex negundo(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Issa M.; Chandel S.; Pal Singh H.; Rani Batish D.; Kumar Kohli R.; Singh Yadav S.; Kumari A.The excessive use of synthetic herbicides in agriculture has steered the development of resistance in weeds along with the production of toxic effects on the environment. Essential oils (EOs) are emerging as an alternative to the synthetic herbicides or agrochemicals because of their effectiveness and easy degradability. A study was, therefore, planned to investigate the phytotoxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of EO extracted from Vitex negundo L., a medicinally important plant. Chemical characterization using GC–MS revealed that V. negundo EO is rich in sesquiterpenes with ?-Caryophyllene (27.80 %) as the major compound. The phytotoxic effect of the EO (0.10–2.50 mg/mL) was investigated against two agricultural weeds: Avena fatua L. and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. Germination percentage and early seedling growth (coleoptile and root length) decreased significantly with an increase in EO concentration in both the test weeds. The cytotoxic potential of the oil was explored in Allium cepa L. by accessing mitotic index (MI) and chromosomal aberration percentage, whereas the effect on DNA integrity was evaluated as a percentage of head DNA (HDNA) and tail DNA (TDNA), tail moment (TM) and olive tail moment (OTM). EO treatment altered the cell cycle as evinced by a significant decrease in MI and an increase in aberration percentage at concentrations ? 0.05 and ? 0.025 mg/mL, respectively. In response to 0.10 mg/mL EO treatment, HDNA decreased by 9.37 %, whereas an increase of ?1.67, 4.70 and 1.80 fold was observed in TDNA, TM and OTM, respectively. The study concludes that V. negundo EO induced cytotoxic and genotoxic effects might be accountable for the phytotoxicity of EO against weeds, and thus holds a good potential for use under sustainable agricultural systems.Item Phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity of Citrus aurantiifolia essential oil and its major constituents: Limonene and citral(Elsevier B.V., 2017) Fagodia, S.K.; Singh, H.P.; Batish, Daizy R.; Kohli, R.K.The essential oils are fast emerging as the source of natural herbicides owing to their environmentally benign properties. The focus of the present study, thus, was to investigate the phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity of Citrus aurantiifolia oil, and its major constituents-citral and limonene. C. aurantiifolia oil was selected due to its extreme commercialisation and safe nature. GC?MS analysis revealed that C. aurantiifolia oil is rich in monoterpenes (83.93%), with limonene (40.92%) and citral (27.46%) as the major compounds. Phytotoxicity was assessed against three agricultural weeds, Avena fatua, Echinochloa crus-galli and Phalaris minor, at concentration ranging from 0.10?1.50?mg/ml. Percent germination, IC50 value and seedling growth (root and coleoptile length) were significantly reduced in a dose-response manner. C. aurantiifolia oil, citral and limonene caused alteration in the cell cycle of Allium cepa root meristematic cells as evidenced by decrease in mitotic index (MI) and increase in chromosomal aberrations at progressive concentrations (0.01?0.10?mg/ml) and time periods (3?h and 24?h). Cytotoxic evaluation confirmed mitodepressive effect of the tested volatiles though the intensity was variable. Overall, citral was the most toxic followed by C. aurantiifolia oil and limonene. The significant phytotoxic activity of C. aurantiifolia oil and citral suggests the possibility of being developed into eco-friendly and acceptable products for weed management in agriculture system. ? 2017 Elsevier B.V.