Botany - Research Publications
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://kr.cup.edu.in/handle/32116/32
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Item Starch: A precise account covering its multidimensional aspects(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2017) Majeed, A.; Ul Rehman, W.; Najar, R.A.; Choudhary, S.; Thakur, S.; Singh, A.; Sharma, G.; Bhardwaj, P.Starch is the main storage carbohydrate of plants and is composed of glucose residues linked together by ? 1-4 glycosidic bonds. The starch molecule consists of a linear amylose and highly branched amylopectin. Starch forms the main energy source in human diets and is present in large quantities in our common foods like rice, wheat, maize, etc. Granule-bound starch synthase is responsible for amylose synthesis while amylopectin requires the action of starch synthases plus branching enzymes. The degradation of starch requires another set of enzymes including ?-amylase and debranching enzyme. Microorganisms can be employed to produce the starch degrading enzymes thereby yielding the high glucose and fructose syrups. Starch is a good candidate for generating electricity in microbial fuel cells. Besides, ethanol production is yet another application for energy production that can lessen the pressure on conventional petroleum-based fuels. The hydrogels and composites of starch are widely used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, agriculture and medicine especially tissue engineering. Besides the starch itself, its derivatives have a wide range of industrial applications. This chapter focuses on starch structure, synthesis, derivatives, composites, hydrogels, energy production, cosmetic and other industrial applications. ? 2017 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.Item Cellulose: A multifaceted biopolymer(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2016) Majeed, A.; Najar, R.A.; Ul Rehman, W.; Choudhary, S.; Thakur, S.; Singh, A.; Sharma, G.; Bhardwaj, P.Cellulose is a common natural polymer with a wide range of industrial, medical, bio fuel, agricultural, textile and paper applications. It exhibits various levels of structural organizations, from individual glucose chains through microfibrils, macrofibrils to cellulose fibers. The synthesizing machinery of cellulose consists of a six subunit plasmamembrane protein complex, cellulose synthase, organized into a rosette structure. Plant cellulose synthases possess additional plant specific motifs that are absent in bacteria. Among the different solvent systems developed for cellulose dissolution, ionic liquids stand at the forefront. Microorganism mediated energy release from cellulose facilitates its use in fuel cells as a source of energy. The nanocomposites of cellulose have revolutionized the medical field and are being chiefly used in tissue engineering, ligament engineering and wound healing. The chemical structure of cellulose make it suitable to form hydrogels which are used in tissue engineering, cartilage modelling, bone implantation, cell culture scaffolds, enhanced drug delivery, heavy metal absorbance, and in retaining soil water and efficient fertilizer release for agricultural efficiency. Besides, cellulose based ethanol production help to reduce the pressure on conventional sources of energy. This chapter focuses on cellulose structure, its synthesizing machinery, trafficking, genes and proteins involved, solubility and solvent systems, its derivatives, composites, hydrogels, fuel cells, ethanol production and degradation. ? 2016 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.Item Carrageenan based hydrogels and composites: A systematic investigation reporting their multidimentional essence(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2016) Ul Rehman, W.; Majeed, A.; Rani, P.; Saini, K.C.; Najar, R.A.; Mehra, R.; Singh, A.; Bast, FelixCarrageenans are red seaweed extracted sulfated linear polysaccharides which possess excellent gel forming properties. They are extensively used for their thickening, gel forming as well as stabilizing properties in food industries. Due to their good protein binding abilities, they are preferred in meat and dairy preservation. Structurally, they are polymers of alternately repeating disaccharide unit, ?-(133)-D-galactose and ?-(134)-3,6- anhydro-D- or L-galactose. Sulphation of the galactose gives them the distinguishing properties. Three isomeric forms of carrageenan with slightly different properties exist in nature. Their hydrogels are used in tissue engineering and controlled drug delivery while their composites find applications in wound dressings, protection of fish and meat from dehydration. In the field of medicine, carrageenans possess anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antiviral, and antitumor activities. Besides they also possess many industrial applications. ? 2016 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.Item Gelatin: A comprehensive report covering its indispensable aspects(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2016) Ul Rehman, W.; Majeed, A.; Mehra, R.; Bhushan, S.; Rani, P.; Saini, K.C.; Bast, FelixGelatin is a collagen derived product, obtained by incomplete hydrolysis of collagen procured from skin, bones and connective tissues of animals and exhibits flavourlessness, colourlessness and translucency. It is commonly utilised as a gelling agent and also as additive in food, drugs, cosmetics, paints, matches, photographic films and foam stabilizer. The overall amino acid composition and proportion of gelatin varies according to the source of raw material, however glycine, proline and hyrdoxyproline constitute almost 60% of the total amino acid residues while cysteine is absent. Besides being used in food industries, gelatin based composites and blends are used in pharmacy for manufacturing biocompatible gelatin scraps, tissue engineering films and controlled drug delivery systems. This chapter focuses on the physio-chemical properties of gelatin, its extraction, composites and blends. ? 2016 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.