Botany - Research Publications
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Item A review on phytotoxicity and defense mechanism of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on plants(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2023-03-16T00:00:00) Kumar, Sumit; Masurkar, Prahlad; Sravani, Bana; Bag, Dipanjali; Sharma, Kamal Ravi; Singh, Prashant; Korra, Tulasi; Meena, Mukesh; Swapnil, Prashant; Rajput, Vishnu D.; Minkina, TatianaSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are noteworthy used nanomaterials in a wide array of fields, particularly in the agricultural sector. Plants play a multifarious role in the ecosystem and provide a source of food for mankind. The responsibility of the scientific community is to recognize the deleterious impact of AgNPs (1�100�nm in size) on critical crop growth and development of plants, which is required for the assessment of environmental threats to plant, human, and animal health. The continued use of AgNPs in agriculture areas may have negative effects on plant biochemical and physiological responses. The current context focused mainly on AgNPs uptake, transport, and accumulation on crop plants and summarizes different levels of phytotoxicity of AgNPs on plant functions and focused on mechanisms of phytotoxicity employed by AgNPs. Moreover, some tolerance mechanisms and various survival strategies developed by plants under AgNPs toxicity are discussed. This background provides comprehensive information necessary to facilitate profound understanding of the toxic impacts of AgNPs on crop plants. � 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.Item A review on phytotoxicity and defense mechanism of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on plants(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2023-03-16T00:00:00) Kumar, Sumit; Masurkar, Prahlad; Sravani, Bana; Bag, Dipanjali; Sharma, Kamal Ravi; Singh, Prashant; Korra, Tulasi; Meena, Mukesh; Swapnil, Prashant; Rajput, Vishnu D.; Minkina, TatianaSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are noteworthy used nanomaterials in a wide array of fields, particularly in the agricultural sector. Plants play a multifarious role in the ecosystem and provide a source of food for mankind. The responsibility of the scientific community is to recognize the deleterious impact of AgNPs (1�100�nm in size) on critical crop growth and development of plants, which is required for the assessment of environmental threats to plant, human, and animal health. The continued use of AgNPs in agriculture areas may have negative effects on plant biochemical and physiological responses. The current context focused mainly on AgNPs uptake, transport, and accumulation on crop plants and summarizes different levels of phytotoxicity of AgNPs on plant functions and focused on mechanisms of phytotoxicity employed by AgNPs. Moreover, some tolerance mechanisms and various survival strategies developed by plants under AgNPs toxicity are discussed. This background provides comprehensive information necessary to facilitate profound understanding of the toxic impacts of AgNPs on crop plants. � 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.Item Cross-priming accentuates key biochemical and molecular indicators of defense and improves cold tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)(Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies, 2019) Saini R.; Adhikary A.; Nayyar H.; Kumar S.Cold environment favors long vegetative phase but also impose substantial loss by damaging reproductive functioning in chickpea. Field temperature below 10��C is even more detrimental for reproductive development, enhances floral and pod abortion. In this study, contrasting chickpea varieties PDG3 and GPF2 were exposed to drought, recovered, and subsequently exposed to lethal cold stress ~ 4�5��C with an aim to induce defense response against cold shock. Physiological, biochemical, and molecular signatures related to damage and defense, i.e., membrane damage, antioxidative enzymes, fatty acid desaturase (CaFAD2.1), and small HSPs (CaHSP18.5 and CaHSP22.7), were analyzed. Drought pretreatment/preconditioning maintained the membrane stability in the cold by managing malondialdehyde (MDA) content and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity. Improved mitochondrial functioning (TTC reduction), increased activity of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) proved better cellular functioning during cold exposure. The expression and activity of superoxide dismutase (CaSOD) were down-regulated in both varieties, but CaCAT, CaAPX, CaGR, and CaFAD2.1 expressions were up-regulated in GPF2. Small heat shock protein CaHSP22.7 was also up-regulated in drought preconditioned PDG3 and GPF2 and after cold shock. Drought pretreatment/preconditioning significantly improved membrane damage during cold exposure, induced antioxidative system, and up-regulated FAD2. This study also pointed the possible role of CaHSP22.7 in cold tolerance and CaHSP18.5 in drought stress. The sensitive variety (GPF2) was positively responsive to preconditioning as this variety showed improvement in defense-related parameters; however, genotypic variations were observed in PDG3. � 2019, Franciszek G�rski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krak�w.Item Pyramiding of tea Dihydroflavonol reductase and Anthocyanidin reductase increases flavan-3-ols and improves protective ability under stress conditions in tobacco(Springer Verlag, 2017) Kumar, Vinay; Yadav, Sudesh KumarTea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the richest sources of flavan-3-ols, an important class of flavonoids. The expression level of gene-encoded key regulatory enzymes of flavan-3-ol/anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR), has been highly correlated with the flavan-3-ol contents and antioxidant activity in tea plant. In the present study, pyramiding of CsDFR and CsANR in tobacco was achieved. However, single transgenic tobacco overexpressing either CsDFR or CsANR was documented earlier. In continuation, pyramided transgenic lines were evaluated for the possible, either same or beyond, effect on flavan-3-ol accumulation and protective ability against biotic and abiotic stresses. The pyramided transgenic lines showed early flowering and improved seed yield. The transcript levels of flavan-3-ol/anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway and related genes in pyramided transgenic lines were upregulated as compared to control tobacco plants. The accumulations of flavan-3-ols were also found to be higher in pyramided transgenic lines than control tobacco plants. In contrast, anthocyanin content was observed to be decreased in pyramided transgenic lines, while DPPH activity was higher in pyramided transgenic lines. In pyramided transgenic lines, strong protective ability against feeding by Spodoptera litura was documented. The seeds of pyramided transgenic lines were also found to have better germination rate under aluminum toxicity as compared to control tobacco plants. Interestingly, the synergistic effect of these two selected genes are not beyond from transgenic lines expressing either CsDFR and CsANR alone as published earlier in terms of flavan-3-ols accumulation. However, the unique flower color and better seed germination rate are some interestingly comparable differences that were reported in pyramided lines in relation to individual transgenic plants. In conclusion, the present results reveal an interesting dynamic between CsDFR and CsANR in modulating flavan-3-ol/anthocyanin levels and functional analysis of stacked CsDFR and CsANR transgenic tobacco lines. ? 2017, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.Item Anthocyanins enriched purple tea exhibits antioxidant, immunostimulatory and anticancer activities(Springer India, 2017) Joshi, Robin; Rana, Ajay; Kumar, Vinay; Kumar, Dharmesh; Padwad, Yogendra S.; Yadav, Sudesh Kumar; Gulati, AshuPurple coloured tea shoot clones have gained interest due to high content of anthocyanins in addition to catechins. Transcript expression of genes encoding anthocyanidin reductase (ANR), dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), flavonol synthase (FLS) and leucoantho cyanidin reductase (LAR) enzymes in three new purple shoot tea clones compared with normal tea clone showed higher expression of CsDFR, CsANR, CsANS and lower expression of CsFLS and CsLAR in purple shoot clones compared to normal clone. Expression pattern supported high content of anthocyanins in purple tea. Four anthocyanins (AN1?4) were isolated and characterized by UPLC-ESI-QToF-MS/MS from IHBT 269 clone which recorded highest total anthocyanins content. Cyanidin-3-O-?-d-(6-(E)-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside (AN2) showed highest in vitro antioxidant activity (IC50?DPPH?=?25.27???0.02??g/mL and IC50?ABTS?=?10.71???0.01??g/mL). Anticancer and immunostimulatory activities of cyanidin-3-glucoside (AN1), cyanidin-3-O-?-d-(6-(E)-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside (AN2), delphinidin-3-O-?-d-(6-(E)-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside (AN3), cyanidin-3-O-(2-O-?-xylopyranosyl-6-O-acetyl)-?-glucopyranoside (AN4) and crude anthocyanin extract (AN5) showed high therapeutic perspective. Anthocyanins AN1?4 and crude extract AN5 showed cytotoxicity on C-6 cancer cells and high relative fluorescence units (RFU) at 200??g/mL suggesting promising apoptosis induction activity as well as influential immunostimulatory potential. Observations demonstrate potential of purple anthocyanins enriched tea clone for exploitation as a nutraceutical product. ? 2017, Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India).