Environmental Science And Technology - Research Publications

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    (0) Mittal, Sunil
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    Phytotoxic effects of volatile oil from Artemisia scoparia against weeds and its possible use as a bioherbicide
    (Elsevier, 2010) Kaur, Shalinder; Singh, Harminder Pal; Mittal, Sunil; Batish, Daizy R.; Kohli, R.K.
    A study was conducted to assess the bioherbicidal activity of volatile oil hydrodistilled from Artemisia scoparia Waldst et Kit. (red stem wormwood; Asteraceae) against five weed species, viz. Achyranthes aspera, Cassia occidentalis, Parthenium hysterophorus, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Ageratum conyzoides. Emergence and seedling growth (in terms of root and shoot length) were significantly reduced in a dose–response bioassay conducted in sand impregnated with Artemisia oil (at ≥10, 25, and 50 μg Artemisia oil/g sand). In general, the root length was inhibited more as compared to the shoot length and the inhibitory effect was greatest in P. hysterophorus followed by A. conyzoides and least in C. occidentalis. Post-emergence application of Artemisia oil (2%, 4%, and 6%, v/v) on 6-week-old weed plants caused visible injury (1- and 7-days after spray) ranging from chlorosis to necrosis to complete wilting of plants. Among the sprayed test weeds, the effect was greatest on E. crus-galli and P. hysterophorus. Artemisia oil treatment resulted in a loss of chlorophyll content and cellular respiration in test weeds thereby implying interference/impairment with photosynthetic and respiratory metabolism. Artemisia oil caused a severe electrolyte leakage from E. crus-galli (a monocot) and C. occidentalis (a dicot) indicating membrane disruption and loss of integrity. The study concludes that Artemisia oil has bioherbicidal properties as it causes severe phytotoxicity and interferes with the growth and physiological processes of some weed species.
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    Ambient noise levels due to dawn chorus at different habitats in Delhi. Environment and We: An
    (2011) Singh, Manoj; Kumar, Dinesh; Pandey, Puneeta; Kumar, Krishan; Jain, Vinod Kumar
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    Biofuels
    (2012) Prasad, S.; Dhanya, M.S.
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    Impact of treated industrial wastewater on crop productivity: A Mini Review
    (2013) Kaur|, Jaskiran |Yogalakshmi, K.N.
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    Removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution using biomass derived fly ash from Waste-to- Energy power plant
    (Taylor & Francis, 2013) Vaid, Upma; Mittal, Sunil; Babu, J. Nagendra
    Fly ash from the agricultural waste-based Energy Power Plant has been studied for the adsorption of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. In order to maximize the Cr(VI) removal from simulated aqueous solutions, effects of various parameters i.e. adsorbent dose (10–40 g/L), contact time (5–90 min), variation in pH (1–5), and initial metal ion concentration (10–80 mg/L) on Cr(VI) adsorption were investigated by batch adsorption experiments. It was observed that adsorption of Cr(VI) on the selected adsorbent was dependent on pH. Before optimization of experimental conditions, the percent removal of Cr(VI) from the aqueous solution (10 mg Cr/L) was approximately 4%, which increased to approximately 99% after optimization of experimental conditions. Maximum adsorption was observed upon adding 10 g/L of adsorbent to a 60 mg Cr/L aqueous solution at pH 1.0 and contact time of 90 min at 200 rpm. Equilibrium adsorption data were well fitted in Langmuir isotherm model which substantiate monolayer adsorption of Cr(VI) on fly ash. Kinetics of Cr(VI) adsorption on fly ash follows pseudo-second-order reaction.
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    Mutagenic Effect in Vegetables by Pesticides
    (Krishi Sanskriti Publications, 2013) Nag, Shilpa; Jain, A.K.; M.S., Dhanya
    The advent of pesticides in vegetable crops is to control insects, pathogens and weeds aimed at increasing the crop yield, but the applied pesticides are not fully reaching the target pests. It escapes to environment or accumulates in crops resulting in some deleterious changes. The disturbances were observed in physiological and cytological levels of the affected plants by blocking mitosis and producing mitotic and meiotic chromosome abnormalities. Some pesticides like acetamiprid, carbendazim, chlorpyriphos, cypermethrin, dichlorvos, dicofol, dimethoate, fenvalarate, indoxcarb, mancozeb, monocrotophos, profenophos, quinalphos, zineb etc. proved to be mutagens. Researchers reported abnormalities like chromosomes with inactivated centromeres, isochromosome, picnosis, vagrant, stickiness, bridges, precocious separation and lagging chromosomes, reduction in mitotic index, micronuclei, multipolar cells, sister chromatid exchanges, c- mitosis are common in vegetables. Such abnormalities were observed in kharif vegetables like Lycopersicon esculentum, Capsicum annum, Solanum melongena, Abelmoschus esculentus, Cucumis sativus, Vicia faba, Phaseolus vulgaris and rabi vegetables like Allium cepa, Coriandrum sativum, Raphanus sativus, Solanum tuberosum, Pisum sativum etc. The pesticides act as potent environmental mutagens that possess a threat to cause alterations in genetic makeup in vegetables.
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    Effect of enzyme secreting bacterial pretreatment on enhancement of aerobic digestion potential of waste activated sludge interceded through EDTA
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2013) Kavitha, S.; Adish Kumar, S.; Yogalakshmi, K.N.; Kaliappan, S.; Rajesh Banu, J.
    In this study, the effect of Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) on Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) removal tailed with bacterial enzymatic pretreatment on aerobic digestion of activated sludge was studied. In order to enhance the accessibility of sludge to the enzyme secreting bacteria; the extracellular polymeric substances were removed using EDTA. EDTA efficiently removed the EPS with limited cell lysis and enhanced the sludge enzyme activity at its lower concentration of 0.2. g/g SS. The sludge was then subjected to bacterial pretreatment to enhance the aerobic digestion. In aerobic digestion the best results in terms of Suspended solids (SS) reduction (48.5%) and COD (Chemical oxygen demand) solubilization (47.3%) was obtained in experimental reactor than in control. These results imply that aerobic digestion can be enhanced efficiently through bacterial pretreatment of EPS removed sludge. ? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
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    Effect of pesticide residues in solanaceous vegetables to human health
    (2013) Nag, S; Jain, A.K.; Dhanya, M.S.
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    Biogas technology for developing countries: An approach to sustainable development
    (Taylor and Francis, 2013) Dhanya, M.S.; Prasad, S.; Singh, A.
    Non-conventional, easily available energy sources like waste from animals and agricultural residues has attracted the attention of developing and underdeveloped countries due to the energy crisis, which prompted a steep rise in fuel prices. The current disposal practices for agricultural residues have caused widespread environmental concern as they represent hindrance to sustainable development in rural areas as well as to national economies (Sheehan, 2009). Environmental contamination has also necessitated identification of environmentally sound and economically feasible technologies for waste management (Prasad et al., 2007a,b). Anaerobic digestion is a versatile, effective and established method that is being used world-wide for the digestion of different organic wastes and the production of energy in the form of biogas (Verstraete et al., 2005). Organic waste materials of agricultural, industrial and municipal origin can be converted anaerobically into biogas by the action of rumen-derived microorganisms. This technology has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, because methane as a main constituent of biogas would otherwise be released into the atmosphere, provoking a greenhouse effect that is 21-fold that of the same volume of carbon dioxide. Apart from this, biogas being a cost-effective and environmentally sound energy source helps in improvement of livelihood and promotes sanitation and a healthier household environment in rural areas. Biogas technology also improves rural livelihoods as it is a cleaner fuel than traditional fuels like wood and fossil fuel and can be used for cooking, lighting and heating.
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    Treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater by solar photo-Fenton process
    (Desalination Publications, 2014) Ginni, G.; Adishkumar, S.; Rajesh Banu, J.; Yogalakshmi, N.
    Solar photo-Fenton process is an attractive, alternative treatment technology among advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of wastewater containing recalcitrant compounds. The feasibility of solar photo-Fenton process for the treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater was investigated in this study. The complete colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were obtained under optimal conditions, pH = 4, Fe2+ = 1 g/L, H2O2 = 5 g/L and irradiation time = 90 min. Also it enhances the biodegradability of wastewater and the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD3)/COD ratio was found to increase from 0.028 to 0.83. The effluent's BOD and total suspended solids concentrations were found to be 0 and 30 mg/L, respectively, which meets the requirements of the discharge standard. ? 2013 Balaban Desalination Publications. All rights reserved.
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    Soil Bacteria in Chlorpyrifos Biodegradation
    (Krishi Sanskriti Publications, 2014) M.S., Dhanya
    The Chlorpyrifos is a broad spectrum organophosphate insecticide used against various crop pests and household pests. The excessive usage of this moderately hazardous pesticide adds up residues to the environment and become toxic to human and animal health. Biodegradation by the microbes is a viable and ecologically safe option to remediate Chlorpyrifos residues from the contaminated environment. A few microbes have the ability to degrade this pesticide for carbon and energy source. The soil bacterial species under Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera such as B. cereus, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, P. putida, P. stutzeri, P. aeruginosa, etc. have high Chlorpyrifos biodegradation efficiency. Alcaligenes sp, Agrobacterium sp., Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Serratia sp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Sphingomonas sp., Ralstonia sp., Flavobacterium sp, etc. isolated from soil also reported for having potential for degradation of Chlorpyrifos. The bacteria as isolate or in consortium degraded the pesticide by its enzymatic activities depending on environmental factors. The regular application of the pesticide in the agricultural soil results in increase of resistant bacteria with high degradation potential. The genes from these indigenous bacterial strains act as the gene pools for the development of recombinant microbes with pesticide mineralization property. These soil bacteria have been exploited for the insitu bioremediation and clean up of Chlorpyrifos contaminated soil.
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    Effects of Environmental Pesticides on the Health of Rural Communities in the Malwa Region of Punjab, India: A Review
    (2014) Mittal, S.; Kaur, G.; Vishwakarma, G.S.
    The Malwa region of Punjab, India, is facing an unprecedented crisis of environmental health linked to indiscriminate, excessive, and unsafe use of pesticides, fertilizers, and poor groundwater quality. The region has been described as India's "cancer capital" due to abnormally high number of cancer cases, which have increased 3-fold in the last 10 years. Studies of this region have also highlighted a sharp increase in many other pesticide-related diseases, such as mental retardation and reproductive disorders. The most affected individuals are the agricultural workers who are directly exposed to pesticides. The Malwa region of Punjab, India, is less than 15% of the total area of Punjab (only 0.5% of the total geographical area of India), but it consumes nearly 75% of the total pesticides used in Punjab. The high use of pesticides, along with environmental and social factors, is responsible for the high concentration of pesticide residues in the food chain of this region. Moreover, many banned and restricted pesticides are still in use in this region, warranting strict periodical health checkups and other interventions. The present review describes occupational, environmental, and social factors associated with pesticide use in the Malwa region of Punjab, India, and proposes some risk reduction interventions. ? 2014 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
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    Biofertilizers: As Bioprotecting Agents
    (2014) Mishra D; Dhanya, M.S