Department Of Botany
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Item Exogenous application of biostimulants for As stress tolerance in crop plants(Elsevier, 2023-08-04T00:00:00) Garg, Tashima; Arora, Bhumika; Bokolia, Muskan; Joshi, Anjali; Kumar, Vinay; Kumar, Avneesh; Kaur, SimranjeetArsenic (As) is a nonessential toxic metalloid existing in two different inorganic forms: arsenite As (III) and arsenate As (V) which cause hindrance in plant developmental processes and are hazardous to human beings. As contamination is a major environmental issue as it stimulates physiological and metabolic dysfunctions, for instance, nutrient and redox imbalance, rate of photosynthesis, and membrane integrity, ultimately leading to reduced crop yield. Plants show detoxification processes to overcome As toxic effects by effluxing excess metal ions through metal transporters, accumulating As in the vacuole, and producing antioxidant enzymes. In recent times, the exogenous application of various biostimulants such as hormones, antioxidants, osmolytes, and others is being explored to combat As-mediating injuries to crop plants. These compounds are effective in improving seed germination, antioxidant enzyme activity, plant biomass, and overall growth of the plants. The objective of this chapter is to provide recent knowledge on the biostimulants hallmarks to alleviate As stress in crop plants. � 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Item Exogenous application of biostimulants for As stress tolerance in crop plants(Elsevier, 2023-08-04T00:00:00) Garg, Tashima; Arora, Bhumika; Bokolia, Muskan; Joshi, Anjali; Kumar, Vinay; Kumar, Avneesh; Kaur, SimranjeetArsenic (As) is a nonessential toxic metalloid existing in two different inorganic forms: arsenite As (III) and arsenate As (V) which cause hindrance in plant developmental processes and are hazardous to human beings. As contamination is a major environmental issue as it stimulates physiological and metabolic dysfunctions, for instance, nutrient and redox imbalance, rate of photosynthesis, and membrane integrity, ultimately leading to reduced crop yield. Plants show detoxification processes to overcome As toxic effects by effluxing excess metal ions through metal transporters, accumulating As in the vacuole, and producing antioxidant enzymes. In recent times, the exogenous application of various biostimulants such as hormones, antioxidants, osmolytes, and others is being explored to combat As-mediating injuries to crop plants. These compounds are effective in improving seed germination, antioxidant enzyme activity, plant biomass, and overall growth of the plants. The objective of this chapter is to provide recent knowledge on the biostimulants hallmarks to alleviate As stress in crop plants. � 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Item Transcriptomic investigations of gene networks in response to arsenic accumulation in Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss(Central University of Punjab, 2019) Thakur, Sapna; Bhardwaj, PankajArsenic (As), a widespread toxic metalloid is class I carcinogen known to cause adverse health effects in human. In the present study, As accumulation potential and differential gene expression in B. juncea is investigated. The amount of arsenic accumulated varied in the range of 15.99 to 1138.70 mg/Kg on dry weight basis in five cultivars. A decrease in chlorophyll content and increase in membrane damage and enzymatic activities of antioxidants was observed with increase in As concentration in the B. juncea cultivars. Using maximum As accumulating cultivar (RLM514), a total of 10,870 significantly differentially expressed transcripts in response to As treatment were identified. Further, the pathway analysis revealed a large scale reprogramming of genes involving carbon metabolism (2.5%), plant hormone signaling (1.4%), and glutathione metabolism (0.6%). Moreover, a comparative account of Cd toxicity revealed a total of 11,294 transcripts to be significantly differentially expressed. The genes related to response to chemical, oxidative stress, transport, and secondary metabolism were upregulated whereas multicellular organismal development, developmental process, photosynthesis were downregulated by Cd treatment. Furthermore, 616 membrane transport proteins were found to be significantly differentially expressed. Cd-related transporters such as metal transporter (Nramp1), metal tolerance protein (MTPC2, MTP11), cadmiumtransporting ATPase, and plant cadmium resistance protein (PCR2, PCR6) were upregulated while cadmium/zinc- transporting ATPase (HMA2, HMA3, HMA4), highaffinity calcium antiporter (CAX1), and iron transport protein (IRT1) were downregulated by Cd treatment. Pathway analysis revealed signaling cascades including plant hormones signaling, MAPK signaling and Ca signaling was modulated suggesting their role in Cd-stress tolerance. The regulation overview using MapMan also revealed gene expression related to plant hormones, calcium regulation and MAP kinases were altered under Cd-stress.Item Insights into the Molecular Mechanism of Arsenic Phytoremediation(Springer New York LLC, 2019) Thakur S.; Choudhary S.; Majeed A.; Singh A.; Bhardwaj P.Arsenic (As) is a widespread carcinogenic pollutant. Phytoremediation is the most suited technology for alleviating the As contamination of soil. In this review, we have discussed the uptake mechanism and the associated transporters for different As species. Glutathione, phytochelatins, metallothionins, and secondary metabolites play important role in As detoxification and enhancing tolerance. The roles of MAPK signaling and calcium signaling are highlighted in the perception of As stress along with phytohormones signaling in stress tolerance. Furthermore, transcription factors involved in regulation of gene expression under As stress are discussed. High-throughput sequencing has reduced the time duration and enhanced the knowledge regarding understanding the molecular mechanism of phytoremediation. The role of CRISPR/Cas9 and synthetic genes in context to phytoremediation is discussed. We have provided a holistic understanding of the present knowledge about phytoremediation in the context of mechanisms of the As uptake and tolerance. A complete understanding of the phytoremediation process is essential for As-risk mitigation and will help in augmenting its efficiency and true potential.Item Comparative transcriptome profiling reveals the reprogramming of gene networks under arsenic stress in Indian mustard(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019) Thakur S.; Choudhary S.; Dubey P.; Bhardwaj P.Arsenic is a widespread toxic metalloid that is classified as a class I carcinogen known to cause adverse health effects in humans. In the present study, we investigated arsenic accumulation potential and comparative gene expression in Indian mustard. The amount of arsenic accumulated in shoots varied in the range of 15.99–1138.70 mg/kg on a dry weight basis among five cultivars. Comparative expression analysis revealed 10 870 significantly differentially expressed genes mostly belonging to response to stress, metabolic processes, signal transduction, transporter activity, and transcription regulator activity to be up-regulated, while most of the genes involved in photosynthesis, developmental processes, and cell growth were found to be down-regulated in arsenic-treated tissues. Further, pathway analysis using the KEGG Automated Annotation server (KAAS) revealed a large-scale reprogramming of genes involved in genetic and environmental information processing pathways. Top pathways with maximum KEGG orthology hits included carbon metabolism (2.5%), biosynthesis of amino acids (2.1%), plant hormone signal transduction (1.4%), and glutathione metabolism (0.6%). A transcriptomic investigation to understand the arsenic accumulation and detoxification in Indian mustard will not only help to improve its phytoremediation efficiency but also add to the control measures required to check bioaccumulation of arsenic in the food chain.