Department Of Environmental Science And Technology
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Item Co-occurrence of geogenic uranium and fluoride in a semiarid belt of the Punjab plains, India(Elsevier B.V., 2023-10-05T00:00:00) Chaudhari, Umakant; Mehta, Madhu; Sahoo, Prafulla Kumar; Mittal, Sunil; Tiwari, Raghavendra P.The inordinate presence of uranium (U) and fluoride (F?) in shallow aquifers of arid/semi-arid regions in northern India has raised a serious health concern; the Muktsar district of Punjab is one such example. In the present study, a total of 38 groundwater samples (17 from <100 ft (very shallow; VSL), 21 from >100 to 180 ft (shallow; SL)) were collected from this district to understand the current health risk associated with U and F? and the major factors/processes influencing these contaminants. Groundwater in the study area is mostly alkaline and oxic in nature. The concentration of U ranged from 18.5 ?g/L to 456 ?g/L exceeding the WHO permissible limit (>30 ?g/L) in 93 and 100% samples from VSL and SL respectively, while F? concentration (ranged from 0.3 to 14.4 mg/L) above the limit (>1.5 mg/L) were found in 75 and 57% samples from VSL and SL respectively. As per the depth-wise distribution of U and F?, there is no significant difference between VSL and SL samples, with a few exceptions. Spearman rank correlation (?) shows a significant positive correlation (p-value < 0.05) between U and F? (? = 0.5), and U with total dissolved solid (TDS) (? = 0.5), salinity (? = 0.6), and bicarbonate (HCO3?) (? = 0.7) and a positive association of F? with TDS (? = 0.3), salinity (? = 0.3), and HCO3? (? = 0.3), indicating these parameters are responsible for the co-occurrence of U and F?. Moreover, this geochemical signature is attributed to their geogenic origin. Uranium speciation data show that UO2(CO3)22? and UO2(CO3)34? are dominant species, while F? predominantly occurs as F? species. The regions with high concentration of U and F? in groundwater primarily have mixed type species (Na�HCO3 and NaCl type). Geochemical modelling revealed that the precipitation of calcite, dolomite, and aragonite is favourable for mobility of F? in groundwater. The hazard quotient (HQ) of F? for adults and children exceeds 1 in 57.8% and 65.7% of samples, respectively, while in case of U, 94.7% and 100% samples exceed 1, respectively, indicating the latter is having greater health impact on local people. The current data indicated an urgent demand to develop low-cost and effective remedial techniques to manage groundwater contamination in this region. � 2023Item Novel Zinc ferrite composite with starch and carboxy methyl starch from biowaste precursor for the removal of Ni (II) ion from aqueous solutions(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2023-06-19T00:00:00) Sharma, Dimple; Jasrotia, Rimzim; Singh, Jandeep; Mittal, Sunil; Singh, HarminderIn the present work, Zinc ferrite composites with Mango starch (MS) and carboxymethyl mango starch (CMMS) were synthesized for the removal of Ni (II) ions from aqueous solutions. Composites prepared were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, pH of point zero charge (pHzpc), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and BET. Batch adsorption technique was used to study effect of various parameters such as pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, concentration, and temperature for removal of Ni (II) ions from aqueous solutions. The optimum time, pH, adsorbent dose and temperature required for ZFN@ MS and ZFN@ CMMS in this study was 110 min., 7 & 8, 0.1 g and 308 K, respectively. Out of various adsorption isotherms, Freundlich isotherm model fitted best with adsorption data. Maximum adsorption capacity for removal of Ni (II) were found to be 65.3 and 208.3 mg/g, respectively by using Zinc ferrite@ MS and Zinc ferrite@ CMMS adsorbents. Lagergren Pseudo second order model best fitted with results which indicated that the process of adsorption was chemical in nature. The value of adsorption energy for ZFN@ MS was 50 kJ/mol and for ZFN@ CMMS, it was 31.62 kJ/mol. Thermodynamic study revealed that process was endothermic and non-spontaneous in nature. Regeneration studies were conducted for five cycles where Zinc ferrite@ MS showed 71% regeneration efficiency and Zinc ferrite@ CMMS showed 78% regeneration efficiency for nickel ion removal from aqueous solution. � 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Item Robust removal of cationic dyes by zinc ferrite composites in single and ternary dye systems(Elsevier B.V., 2023-05-02T00:00:00) Rimzim; Singh, Jandeep; Mittal, Sunil; Singh, HarminderFor the continuous economic growth and development of society, clean and safe water is the basic necessity. Therefore, it is necessary to treat contaminated water. Magnetic ferrite composites with bio-waste materials are less explored in the area of research, so these need to be focused. In present study, novel magnetic Zinc Ferrite Pine Cone composite was prepared and used for the efficient removal of Crystal Violet, Malachite Green and Methylene Blue (Dye) from aqueous solution in single and ternary dye system. Various characterization techniques such as FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy), EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy), TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis) and BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Analysis) are used for the structure elucidation of Zinc Ferrite and Zinc Ferrite Pine cone (Composite). Batch adsorption method was used for the removal of dyes in single and ternary dye system. Lagergren pseudo second order adsorption model fits best in the kinetic studies whereas, Langmuir adsorption isotherm showed better results with maximum adsorption capacity 76.33, 200 and 94.33 mg/g for single dye system and 9.46, 20.45 and 27.93 mg/g respectively in ternary dye system for dyes CV, MG and MB. Thermodynamic study confirmed about the spontaneous nature of adsorption process. The regeneration ability of the composite in both the systems was studied up to five cycles. So, it becomes clear that the composite (Zinc Ferrite Pine Cone) will work as best alternative for dyes removal in single and ternary dye system. � 2023 Elsevier B.V.Item The Indian perspective on the harmful substances found in sanitary napkins and their effects on the environment and human health(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023-04-06T00:00:00) Kumar, Binay; Singh, Jandeep; Mittal, Sunil; Singh, HarminderIn this study, hazardous substances in 5 different brands of sanitary napkins being used in India have been analysed through gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS). Concentration of chemicals such as volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) (acetone, iso propyl alcohol, toluene), persistent organic pollutant (dioxins and furans), phthalates and total chlorine present in sanitary napkin have been reported. Furthermore, amounts of plastic present per sanitary napkin and total plastic waste generation potential have been calculated. Additionally, data analysis was done to understand the health impacts of these hazardous chemicals on users and the environment. It has been found that Indian sanitary pads have higher concentration of hazardous chemicals, as compared to similar product being sold in developed countries like � USA, Europe and Japan. The values of total chlorine observed in 5 different brands were found to be in the range of 170 to 460 ppm; dioxins varied from 0.244 to 21.419 pg/g; furans varied from 0.07 to 0.563 pg/g; acetone varied from 351 to 429 ppm; isopropyl alcohol varied from 125 to 184 ppm; toluene varied from 2.91 to 3.21 ppb; concentration of two phthalates, DBP and DEHP varied from 57.3 to 127.8 and from 146.2 to 188.5, respectively. Plastic pollution potential of this waste is approximately 33,210 tons/year. Daily exposure volume (DEV) of dioxins varied from 2.295 to 2.266 pg TEQ/g and furan from 0.0616 to 0.0738 pg TEQ/kg/day, compared to safe TDI value < 0.7 TEQ/kg/day. Dioxin�s value is around 3 times higher than the accepted TDI value, whereas furan is within acceptable limit. Daily exposure doses (DED) of DBP were observed in-between 4.24 and 9.47 ?g/kg-bw/day, whereas the DEHP value varied from 0.541 to 0.698 ?g/kg-bw/day. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] � 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.Item Efficacy of biotic components in constructed wetlands for mitigating pesticides(Elsevier, 2023-03-17T00:00:00) Sachdeva, Saloni; Chowdari, Jabili; Patro, Ashmita; Mittal, Sunil; Sahoo, Prafulla KumarModern agricultural practices pose a significant danger to the aquatic ecosystem. Synthetic pesticides derived from agricultural activities are the most lethal and persistent substances that endanger the planet's ecology and human health; ineffective traditional waste-water treatment systems worsen the situation. On that account, these traditional technologies need to be upgraded and constructed wetlands have come to the fore as an environment and user-friendly technology. CWs consists of different type of biotic components, e.g., plants, microbes and abiotic components, e.g., gravels, sand, etc. which not only removes various types of organic pollutants but also help in their sustainable degradation into a simpler form. However, the factor circumscribing the effective implementation of constructed wetlands is the choice of aquatic macrophytes. The present chapter is an attempt to give a brief insight into using CWs for the treatment and removal of different types of pesticides present in wastewaters having different origins. Selected studies have been scrutinized for more than 60 aquatic macrophytes and 18 unconventional substrates that have shown promising results to mitigate pesticides from nonpoint water sources. Among various biological components, emergent macrophytes (P. australis, T. latiflolia, C. indica, and J. effuses) and associated microorganisms are the most suitable choice for constructed wetlands. Apart from pesticide reduction, macrophytes effectively stabilize the bed surface, reduces clogging, improve filtering, and promote microbial development. Following that, microorganisms can remove contaminants by accelerating chemical processes, biodegradation, and biosorption, as well as promoting plant development. Overall, the present chapter aims to highlight the importance of looking into the holistic interactions of macrophyte-microorganisms for a magnified outcome of removal efficacy. � 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Item Trace Element Occurrence in Vegetable and Cereal Crops from Parts of Asia: A Meta-data Analysis of Crop-Wise Differences(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023-02-13T00:00:00) Kerketta, Anjali; Kumar, Hemant; Powell, Mike A.; Sahoo, Prafulla Kumar; Kapoor, Harmanpreet Singh; Mittal, SunilIn the present study, a systematic review along with a meta-analysis was conducted based on relevant studies from 11 Asian countries (1999�2022, Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar) to evaluate the crop-wise differences in the accumulation of trace element (TE) in the edible part of different crops (vegetables: leafy (LV), root (RV), fruit (FV); cereal crops: rice (RIC), wheat (WHE), maize (MAZ)). Based on the median concentration�of the compiled data, the TE accumulation in different vegetable crops was ranked in the decreasing order of Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Pb > Co > Se > Cd > As, and in cereal crops, this is followed as Fe > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Co > Pb > As > Se > Cd > Hg. A clear difference was found between vegetable categories, with a higher accumulation of most of the elements in LV, especially spinach, coriander, radish leaves, mustard, amaranthus, and pakchoi than other vegetable types. Root vegetables displayed higher bioconcentration factors (BCF) than the other two vegetable types. For cereal crops, higher metal contents were found in WHE followed by RIC and MAZ, but RIC had relatively higher BCF for certain metals (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni) and WHE dominated for the remaining metals. When compared with the prescribed safe limits of the non-essential metals (As, Cd, and Pb), this study revealed that the majority of the vegetable and cereal crop contaminations were from Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, and Pakistan. � 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Item A cross-sectional study to correlate antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress and inflammation with prevalence of hypertension(Elsevier Inc., 2022-10-28T00:00:00) Kaur, Sukhchain; Rubal; Kaur, Satveer; Kaur, Amandeep; Kaur, Sandeep; Gupta, Sushil; Mittal, Sunil; Dhiman, MonishaAims: Hypertension a multifactorial consequence of environmental factors, life style and genetics is the well-recognized risk factor contributing to coronary heart diseases. The antioxidant imbalance, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to oxidative stress which is pivotal in progression of hypertension. The present study aims to understand the complex interaction between oxidative stress, inflammation and antioxidant system which is crucial to maintain cellular homeostasis which further can exaggerate hypertension pathophysiology. Materials and methods: The metabolic profile of hypertensive and normotensive subjects from Malwa region, Punjab was compared by estimating lipid profile, cardiac, hepatic and renal markers. The oxidative stress markers (protein carbonyls and lipid peroxidation), inflammatory markers (Nitric oxide, Myeloperoxidase and advanced oxygen protein products), and antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, and Total Antioxidant Capacity) were analyzed. Key findings: It is observed that the metabolic markers are altered in hypertensive subjects which further these subjects showed increased oxidative, inflammatory profile and compromised antioxidant status when compared with normotensive subjects. Co-relation analysis validated the involvement of inflammation and oxidative stress in impaired endothelial function and vital organ damage. Significance of study: These markers may act as early indicators of hypertension which usually do not show any physical symptoms, thus can be diagnosed and treated at the earliest. The current study suggests that disturbed homeostasis, a consequence of altered interaction between antioxidant system and inflammatory events raises the oxidative stress levels which eventually leads to hypertension and associated complications. These indicators can serve as early indicators of future chronic complications of hypertension. � 2022Item Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater and Its Removal Strategies with Special Emphasis on Nano Zerovalent Iron(wiley, 2022-12-02T00:00:00) Thakur, Shivani; Singh, Harminder; Chaudhari, Umakant; Mittal, Sunil; Sahoo, Prafulla KumarAn occurrence of arsenic (As) in an aquatic ecosystem is a major concern because of its very toxic and carcinogenic nature. Groundwater arsenic pollution has been reported globally, notably along the large Indo-Gangetic flood plain and some major rivers of South Asia and South American nations. It comes in water both via natural and anthropogenic sources. Major processes that trigger the release of As in groundwater include reductive dissolution of Fe-oxyhydroxides, sulfide oxidation, and alkali desorption. Microbial metabolisms of arsenic also play a crucial role in its mobilization in aquifers. Ions such as HCO 3 ? and PO 4 3? also help in triggering arsenic mobility in water. Different methods are developed for As removal from water such as precipitation, coagulation, ion exchange, and membrane filtration, but none of the methods are as effective as nanomaterials. With the advancement in a study in nanotechnology during the past few years, an increase in usage of different nanomaterials as adsorbents for arsenic removal has also been observed. Among these, nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) has been proved quite effective for arsenic removal from the water by the adsorption technique. The nZVI has high reactivity, good efficiency, and fast action for As removal, and a low impact on the environment. Further, intensive research is going on to alter the properties of nZVI following specific applications as per the requirements. This chapter presents an overview of several geochemical processes aiding in As mobility from the aquifer sediments into groundwater, briefly describing its distribution pattern across global groundwater systems. It also aims to provide an overview of the effectiveness of different iron-based nanoparticles with particular reference to nZVI for the removal of different species of Arsenic from water. � 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.Item Synthesis of CTAB modified ferrite composite for the efficient removal of brilliant green dye(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2022-07-08T00:00:00) Jasrotia, Rimzim; Singh, Jandeep; Mittal, Sunil; Singh, HarminderIn the present work, magnetic nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) have been synthesised using low temperature combustion method and then modified with Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to form a magnetic composite. Prepared composite (CTAB-NiFe2O4) was used as an adsorbent for removing brilliant green dye from aqueous solution. Adsorbent was investigated by using various techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectra, thermogravimetric analysis and pH of point zero charge. Different parameters such as effect of contact time, pH, adsorbent dose and initial dye concentration were studied for the adsorption of dye. The optimum values observed were 170�minutes equilibrium time at pH 6 and adsorbent dose 0.6�g. Various adsorption kinetic models such as pseudo first-order kinetic model, pseudo second-order kinetic model and Elovich model were used to determine the nature of adsorption. Pseudo second-order kinetic model fitted better with higher R2 value which indicated that the adsorption was chemical in nature. Langmuir isotherm was best fitted to experimental data for the adsorption of brilliant green dye with maximum adsorption capacity �Qe� 250 mg/g. It revealed that the adsorption in this study takes place on homogenous surface and follows monolayer pattern. Therefore, for the removal of Brilliant green dye from wastewater using composite (CTAB-NiFe2O4) can be considered as an effective adsorbent. � 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.Item Biofiltration in wastewater treatment plants: An overview(Elsevier, 2022-01-15T00:00:00) Yogalakshmi, K.N.; Sharma, Avimanu; Mittal, SunilBiofilters or biological filters are a technology that uses attached biomass on a media to degrade and remove pollutants from the air, water, and wastewater treatment plants. They are natural systems which are engineered and simulated to remove a varied range of contaminants, that is, organic matter, suspended solids, natural organic matter, and organic micropollutants. Biofiltration systems are popular among wastewater treatment process due to its simple operation, robust nature, and low energy requirement. Trickling filters, aerated biological filters, and membrane bioreactors are some of the popular biofiltration systems used for wastewater treatment. The efficiency of the biofiltration systems depends on the nature, composition, and community structure of microorganisms in the biofilm developed on the medium. Immobilized biofilters are also popular in wastewater treatment. This chapter would provide an overview on the concept of biofiltration, the mechanism involved, types, and application of biofiltration process. The chapter will also throw light on the microbial ecology and community structure of the biological filters. Further, the different methods of identification of the microbial community will also be discussed in the chapter. � 2022 Elsevier Inc.