Theses And Dissertation

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    Flow of Institutional Credit in Indian Agriculture: Growth and Performance.
    (Central University of Punjab, 2015) Kaur, Pushpinder; Singla, Naresh
    Institutional credit plays an important role in agricultural development as it enables the farmers to undertake new investments and/or use of modern agricultural technologies for enhancing agricultural production. The emphasis on the institutional credit is being placed since the beginning of planned development era in India. As a result, several institutional agencies such as cooperatives, regional rural banks (RRBs), scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) etc. are involved in disbursement of short and long term institutional credit. Besides, acceptance of Rural Credit Survey Committee Report (1954), nationalization of major commercial banks (1969 and 1980), establishment of RRBs (1975), establishment of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) (1982), the financial sector reforms (1991 onwards) etc. led to manifold increase in the flow of institutional credit in agriculture. Similarly, during post reform period, Special Agricultural Credit Plan (1994-95), initiating of Kisan Credit Cards (KCCs) (1998-99), and Doubling Agricultural Credit Plan within three years (2004) placed emphasis on increase flow of institutional credit. No doubt, these policy level changes have increased flow of institutional credit for agriculture, but many changes have also taken place among the various institutional sources in distribution of agricultural credit. It is also argued that large chunk of institutional credit has gone to those states, where green revolution took place and states have higher agricultural productivities than lower productivity states. The study is a step in this direction to examine the growth and pattern in flow of institutional credit in Indian agriculture by various agencies. The study is mainly based on various secondary data sources such as Handbook of Statistics of Indian Economy published by the Reserve Bank of India, Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, Economic Survey of India, etc. during 1980-81 to 2011-12. The structure of the sources of credit has witnessed a clear shift in favor of commercial banks. The share of investment credit in total credit has also declined, which may restrict the agricultural sector to realize its full potential. The study also points that institutional credit delivery to the agriculture sector still continues to be inadequate as about 30% of credit is financed by non-institutional agencies, which includes money lenders. SCBs are still hesitant to disburse agricultural credit to small and marginal farmers. There also exist large inter-state variations in distribution of agricultural credit per hectare and KCCs. Finally, the study concludes that efficiency in the credit delivery system in rural areas should be improved by revamping cooperative credit structure. Also, concerted efforts should also be made to increase the flow of indirect institutional credit for development of infrastructures such as irrigation, electricity, marketing, storage, extension services, etc which will go a long way in improving the productivity of the agricultural sector.
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    Spatial Pattern Of Urban Crime in Bathinda City Using Geographical Information System
    (Central University of Punjab, 2018) Kaur, Arshdeep; Singh, Kiran K.
    Cities are place of hope and opportunity not only for people of the city but also for the surrounding areas. Cities seem very beautiful to people when they see tall buildings, malls, parks, and well-designed roads but there is a dark side of cities also. In cities, people feel insecure, even in their own streets and houses with the rise in criminal activities. There is a big fear of crimes in the mind of people in the city, which arise from inequality, poverty, segregation, and injustice. This study focused on the six urban crimes in Bathinda city such as crime related to alcohol under Excise Act, drugs related crime under NDPS Act, gambling, snatching, house-break, and vehicle theft. The crime pattern of Bathinda city has been explored by using Geo-Spatial techniques for the period 2007-2017. Changing pattern of crimes from year 2007 to 2017 is represented by graph diagrams. Hotspot analysis of these six crimes has been done of year 2007 and 2017
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    A Study on MGNREGA Employment Patterns in Jammu and Kashmir
    (Central University of Punjab, 2018) Ghafoor, Ahmed; Parida, Jajati Keshari
    This study attempted of MGNREGA on Employment Pattern in Jammu and Kashmir. In this used secondary data for Labour Bureau 5th (2015-16) and Ministry of Rural Development. The MGNREGA provides for one hundred days of employment in every financial year for every rural household who are willing to do unskilled manual work. The scheme was launched with an aim of increasing poor people living standard in rural. The objectives of this study are the process of implementation and patterns of MGNREGA and its determinants. In this examines both financial and physical performance of MGNREGA in the State by focusing on the issues like, job cards issued, man-days generated, employment provided to households in Jammu and Kashmir. MGNREGA play a vital role to poverty reduction in Jammu and Kashmir
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    DWT-SVD Based robust digital image watermarking using adaptive median filter
    (Central University of Punjab, 2013) Kumar, Ashok; Brar, Sukhreet Singh
    Feature Matching is one of the central issues of model-based recognition and an important component of most object recognition systems. The feature matching technique can be applied in image alignment, 3D secure reconstruction, motion tracking, object recognition and in pharmacophore based molecular alignment. Even though numerous algorithms exist for feature recognition and search yet the efficiency of these have considerable room for improvement. This has necessitated a continuous search for better performing algorithms. The combination of geometric hashing technique and tolerance limits for a given set of known interactions can be used for the pharmacophore modelling based search. The algorithm proposed is precise as compared with the previous existing algorithms. This algorithm is better in its runtime complexity.
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    Polyelectrolyte modificaion of microfiltration for removal of arsenic lons
    (Central University of Punjab, 2017) Bala, Bindu; Yogalakshmi, K.N.
    Increased human activity and consumption of natural energy resources have led to decline in the stock of fossil fuels. The current technologies used for energy generation are not environment friendly. Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) represents a new approach for harnessing the energy contained in the organic matter of wastewater. It is a type of bioelectrochemical systems in which chemical energy stored in organic compounds are converted to biogas such as hydrogen through biocatalytic oxidation by microorganisms. But it still suffers from the lack of efficiency in terms of hydrogen production and current generation. Previous studies have demonstrated that the electrodes coated with nanoparticles such as Fe, Au, Pd, and Ni nanoparticles have the potential to enhance energy recovery in MEC. Hence, the present study aims to use single chambered membrane-less microbial electrolysis cell with magnetic iron nanoparticle coated electrodes for treating combined leachate and dairy industry wastewater. The performance of the MEC was assessed through COD removal, current and biogas generation at an applied voltage of 0.8 V and HRT of 48 hours. Results demonstrated that the maximum current density achieved by nanoparticles decorated electrodes was 3.86 times higher than iv generated by plain electrodes. The highest COD removal efficiency of 96.5% was achieved at OLR equal to 17.14 gCOD/L/d. The maximum coulombic efficiency of 155% represents the conversion of maximum chemical energy stored in the combined wastewater into electrical energy. The hydrogen production rate of 3.192 L/L/d was achieved in this study. The results shows that magnetic iron nanoparticle coated electrodes enhance the current generation and COD removal in single chambered MEC operated with combined leachate and dairy wastewater treatment.
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    Estimation of heavy metals in human blood samples- To evaluate immunotoxic correlation with health risk in local population of Malwa region of Punjab
    (Central University of Punjab, 2018) Padhi, Padhi; Jain Manju
    Elements play a significant role in the human body for growth, development, and metabolism. But there are certain heavy metals which adversely affect the various processes of the biological system. A certain amount of different heavy metals is tolerable but above the optimum level, these have a drastic effect on the body. In this work, we evaluated the concentrations of specific heavy metals - Copper, Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in human blood. The study area chosen is Malwa region of Punjab specifically Bathinda, as the area is reported to have heavy metal contamination in groundwater and soil which enter the food chain. There is no single study demonstrating the presence of heavy metals in blood samples of subjects in the study area and its possible correlation with high incidence of various diseases reported in the region. In our work, we have analyzed the concentration of four heavy metals- Copper, Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead in whole blood samples collected from susceptible and diseased individuals from study area using ICP- MS. Our preliminary data show that the concentration of arsenic and the lead was higher in the diseased group compared to the susceptibility group. Presence of these two heavy metals in blood found to be above the permissible limits can be the possible reason for high disease incidence in the study area.
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    Selection for salt tolrance in petunia grandiflora
    (Central University of Punjab, 2014) Najar, Raoof Ahmad; Saini,R.G
    Petunia grandiflora a native of South America is a popular and high value ornamental plant in the world. Soil salinity is the major abiotic stress in semi-arid Malwa region of Punjab, adversely affecting its productivity, survival and quality. In order to develop salt resistant varieties of P. grandiflora, an attempt was made to select salt tolerant seedlings from varieties Violet Blue, Giant California and Nana compecta by using ex-vitro and in-vitro methods. Seedlings were subjected to salt treatments of 100 mM, 200 mM, 300 mM, 400 mM, 500 mM and 600 mM for durations of 4 hr, 6 hr, 12 hr and 24 hours. Salt treatment reduced shoot length, leaf number and survival percentages and delayed days to 50% flowering. Variety Nana Compecta was identified as tolerant to salt and variety Giant California was most sensitive to soil salinity. In in-vitro method of gradual increase in NaCl concentration (0, 25, 50, 75 and 150 mM) from low to high level was found to be a better approach for selecting salt tolerant calli as compared to direct method in which direct transfer of calli to high salt concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mM) was found to be detrimental to callus survival and growth. Treatment of calli upto 50 mM salt concentrations was good for shoot regeneration in all the three varieties. Protocol was standardized for callus induction, direct shoot induction from leaves, shoot regeneration from callus and root induction from shoots. For callus induction, 2 mg/l 2, 4-D and 0.5 mg/l kinetin was optimum for variety Violet Blue and 1 mg/l both BAP and NAA was optimum for varieties Giant California and Nana Compecta. For direct shoot induction from leaves 2 mg/l BAP and 0.1 mg/l NAA were good for all the three varieties. For shoot regeneration from calli, 2 mg/l BAP in combination with 0.1 IAA for variety Violet Blue and 1 mg/l both BAP and NAA for varieties Giant California and Nana Compecta were ideal. For root induction, 0.5 mg/l NAA and 0.1 mg/l IBA were ideal for all the three varieties. Seeds from plants grown ex-vitro showing tolerance to salt were harvested and stored for further testing.
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    Preparation and characterization of cathode material for energy storage/conversion devices
    (Central University of Punjab, 2016) Sangeeta
    Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) have evoked an intense interest in recent times for potential applications in marines, aerospace and automotive industries owing to their larger strength to weight ratio and high-temperature resistance. We have synthesized nanocomposites of (LaMnO3)1-x/(TiO2)x and (Fe2O3)1-x/(Cr2O3)x with varying concentration of TiO2 (x = 0.0-0.4) and Cr2O3 (x = 0.0-1.0). In the first chapter, includes the introduction of the metal matrix nanocomposites and their advantages. In the second chapter we have discussed about the literature review and knowledge gap. Chapter 3 involves the experimental procedure and discussion of different characterization techniques (XRD, FTIR, FESEM and EDS) used to study the prepared sample. Chapter 4 involves result and discussions obtained by characterizing the prepared sample. XRD analysis confirms the orthorhombic structure of (LaMnO3)/(TiO2) and rhombohedral structure (Fe2O3)/(Cr2O3) nanocomposites. From FESEM we have calculated the particle size for pure (LaMnO3) is 1 m and for (LaMnO3)1-x/(TiO2)x and its value decreases from 19.99- 16.91 nm with increase the concentration of TiO2 from x = 0.1-0.4. We have also calculated the band gap and refractive index from the FTIR analysis and found that gradual increase in band gap from 2.1-2.26 eV and decrease in refractive index from 2.67-2.62 as the concentration of TiO2 increases (x = 0.0-0.4). The (Fe2O3)/(Cr2O3) iv nanocomposites showed that increase in band gap 2.1-3.0 eV with decrease in particle size from 70.71-49.24 nm and refractive index from 2.67-2.44 as the concentration and Cr2O3 increases (x = 0.0-1.0.) The FTIR confirms all the functional groups present in the synthesized samples. The main application of these as- synthesized nanocomposites is photocatalysis.
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    Synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles
    (Central University of Punjab, 2016) Singh, Gurdhir; Yadav, Kamlesh
    Chickpea is self pollinated legume crop which was believed firstly originated in South-Eastern Turkey and parts of Syria. Chickpea is the second most important pulse crop in the world. In Northern India, chickpea is grown in winter season. Preconditioning the plant with mild drought stress may trigger the various signaling pathways which will prepare the plants to conquer lethal cold stress. In this study, PBG1, PBG5 and GPF2 variety are more sensitive to the chilling stress, which were preconditioned with mild drought stress and then exposed to lethal cold stress. To see the effect of preconditioning various cell responses were monitored by measuring ELI, Relative Water Content and chlorophyll content at different stages of chickpea. All genotypes generated a variable response. Overall, relative water content and chlorophyll content were significantly higher in preconditioned PBG1, GPF2 and PBG5, which are sensitive to chilling stress. The study showed increase tolerance capacity in preconditioned plant towards chilling temperature and improve tolerance against chickpea.