Theses And Dissertation

Permanent URI for this communityhttps://kr.cup.edu.in/handle/32116/155

Browse

Subject: search.filters.subject.Employment

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 5 of 5
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Structural Changes and Pattern of Agricultural Development in Kerala
    (Central University of Punjab, 2015) V.P. Sanitha; Singa, Naresh
    Structural transformation is a process by which the relative importance of different sectors and activities of an economy changes over time. The Kerala economy is also undergoing the transformation from traditional backward agrarian economy to a modern service sector led economy. The significance of the present study lies in the fact that the whole process of structural transformation of the Kerala economy has not so far been addressed in a detailed and comprehensive manner in the earlier studies. No specific attempt has been made to relate the pattern of agricultural development with the structural transformations in the Kerala economy. In this study, an attempt has been made to examine the structural changes and growth performance and pattern of agricultural development in Kerala economy. The study mainly covers a period of 1980-81 to 2010-11. The study has found that the share of primary sector in GSDP has declined sharply, but the corresponding decline in employment share has not taken place. Moreover, the excess labour force has moved from primary sector to secondary sector, thus causing abundance in secondary sector and there was only a meager increase in share of income from secondary sector in GSDP. The share of income from services sector in GSDP has increased sharply, but it failed to register a sharp increase in employment. Thus, it follows that Kerala did not experience a sequential growth process (as propounded by structural change growth theories) as the service sector led growth did not provide employment matching with its income and the process of industrialization failed to take off as share of income from secondary sector did not commensurate with the level of employment in the sector. The changes in land use pattern in Kerala were unprecedented during the past decades in terms of deforestation, increase in area as current fallow, increase in area under non-agricultural land, decrease in both net area sown and gross cropped area resulting in decline in cropping intensity. Irrigation intensity of only 20 per cent points that about 80 per cent of the cropped area is rain-fed. Kerala witnessed shift in the copping pattern in favour of non-food crops at the expense of food crops as crops such as pulses, rice, tapioca, cashewnut, ginger were replaced by commercial cash crops like rubber and coconut. The declining cultivable area, predominance of tiny and fragmented holdings, decline in work force in terms of reduction in agricultural labour and cultivator has made farming more vulnerable. Finally, the study has suggested some policy suggestions such as training to labour moved to secondary sector, keeping a check on the area under food crops, bringing more area under assured irrigation, strict law enforcing mechanism to avoid unnecessary conversion of agricultural land to non-farming activities, creation of ‘Labour Banks’ to revive agricultural economy of the Kerala.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Cross Loc trade facilitation: A Case study of two TFCs
    (Central University of Punjab, 2015) Dar, Zahid Ul Islam; Kaur, Sandeep
    Structural transformation is a process by which the relative importance of different sectors and activities of an economy changes over time. The Kerala economy is also undergoing the transformation from traditional backward agrarian economy to a modern service sector led economy. The significance of the present study lies in the fact that the whole process of structural transformation of the Kerala economy has not so far been addressed in a detailed and comprehensive manner in the earlier studies. No specific attempt has been made to relate the pattern of agricultural development with the structural transformations in the Kerala economy. In this study, an attempt has been made to examine the structural changes and growth performance and pattern of agricultural development in Kerala economy. The study mainly covers a period of 1980-81 to 2010-11. The study has found that the share of primary sector in GSDP has declined sharply, but the corresponding decline in employment share has not taken place. Moreover, the excess labour force has moved from primary sector to secondary sector, thus causing abundance in secondary sector and there was only a meager increase in share of income from ii secondary sector in GSDP. The share of income from services sector in GSDP has increased sharply, but it failed to register a sharp increase in employment. Thus, it follows that Kerala did not experience a sequential growth process (as propounded by structural change growth theories) as the service sector led growth did not provide employment matching with its income and the process of industrialization failed to take off as share of income from secondary sector did not commensurate with the level of employment in the sector. The changes in land use pattern in Kerala were unprecedented during the past decades in terms of deforestation, increase in area as current fallow, increase in area under non-agricultural land, decrease in both net area sown and gross cropped area resulting in decline in cropping intensity. Irrigation intensity of only 20 per cent points that about 80 per cent of the cropped area is rain-fed. Kerala witnessed shift in the copping pattern in favour of non-food crops at the expense of food crops as crops such as pulses, rice, tapioca, cashewnut, ginger were replaced by commercial cash crops like rubber and coconut. The declining cultivable area, predominance of tiny and fragmented holdings, decline in work force in terms of reduction in agricultural labour and cultivator has made farming more vulnerable. Finally, the study has suggested some policy suggestions such as training to labour moved to secondary sector, keeping a check on the area under food crops, bringing more area under assured irrigation, strict law enforcing mechanism to avoid unnecessary conversion of agricultural land to non-farming activities, creation of "Labour Banks" to revive agricultural economy of the Kerala.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Socio economic conditions and employment status of agricultural laboures in bathinda district of punjab
    (Central University of Punjab, 2014) Sharma, Honeymeet; Singla, Naresh
    The structural transformation process in Punjab has reduced income generation in rural economy. The worst sufferers are marginal and small farmers and agricultural labourers. The principal mode of production is shifting from cultivation of operational holdings to wage labour employment. This type of structural change in rural labour employment has wider social, economic and political implications that draw serious attention. It is in this context that an attempt has been made to study the socio- economic conditions of agricultural labourers and their employment pattern in Punjab. The study has been carried out in Bathinda district of Punjab as it is a major cotton growing area and cotton is more labour intensive as compared to other crops such as paddy and wheat. A sample of 100 agricultural labourers was taken with 50 respondents from two blocks each. An analysis of socio - economic conditions of agricultural labourers shows that most of the agricultural labourers are illiterate, landless and unskilled and belonged to scheduled caste. Although they used electricity, but they have to either share it with their neighbours or stole it from main electricity wire. Similarly, they did not have any water supply connection, but they used water facilities from neighbours and common places such as dharmsala and gurudwaras etc. Only 27 ii per cent of agricultural labourers had cooking facilities. Level of indebtedness was higher among female agricultural labourers (46 per cent) as compared to that among male agricultural labourers (22 per cent). In order to come out of indebtedness, they had to sell their labour by working more on the landlord's farms. Male agricultural labourers carried out all the activities on farm, while female agricultural labourers did only some of the activities such as wheat harvesting, paddy transplanting, cotton picking, plucking of cotton bolls etc. All these works were mainly casual in nature. The average employment days in male agricultural labourers and female agricultural labourers were 234 and 110 in farm sector, and only 46 and 97 in non-farm sector respectively. There also existed wage disparities across Male agricultural labourers and female agricultural labourers. Thus, the study suggested that improving education and imparting skills will improve their bargaining power in labour market in both farm and non-farm sector. Since both male agricultural labourers and female agricultural labourers generally carried same work on farm, same wage should be provided to Male agricultural labourers and female agricultural labourers. Finally, the study concludes with some policy suggestions.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Monitoring of mahatma gandhi national rural employment gurantee scheme in bathinda district of punjab
    (Central University of Punjab, 2014) Kaur, Rajpreet; Kahlon, A. S.
    The Mahatama Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act of Government of India was introduced primarily to enhance the livelihood of households by providing 100 days employment to the adult members. It provides alternative source of livelihood which has impact on increasing income and alleviating poverty. However, the success of this Scheme depends upon its effective implementation. An attempt has been made in this study to highlight the violations of stipulated guidelines of the Act as also to assess the awareness level regarding rules and regulations among various stakeholders. The study also seeks to understand the overall impact of the Scheme on the rural workers and whether the MGNREGS scheme has led to gender empowerment. Both primary and secondary data was utilized for the analysis. Primary data was collected by administering schedules and conducting interviews while the secondary data was collected from various published official sources. Multistage sampling was utilized. Bathinda district was purposely selected for the study due to time and money constraint. Further, two blocks Talwandi Sabo and Nathana were selected on the basis of maximum number of employment days generated by the scheme v during the reference year 2012-13. Again, two villages namely Bangi-Ruldoo and Sema were randomly selected from Talwandi Sabo and Nathana blocks respectively. One worksite from each village was also visited to collect the necessary information. Non-MGNREGS workers as a control sample attributed relatively lower wages for MGNREGS works, irregularity of its work, delay in wage payments and non availability of advance payment as the reasons for not joining MGNREGS. This led to relatively smaller participation of workers in the study area. This study revealed that this scheme had an effective mechanism of registration, job card issuance, wage payment through banks, work provision was within the periphery of 5 km from village, equal wage payment to both men and women as also labour displacing machinery and contractors were not involved in the works. However, some violations of MGNREGA guidelines were observed in the study area i.e. only 8 per cent of the respondents were provided the stipulated 100 days of employment, lack of proper worksite facilities, non affixation of photos on job cards, non-issuance of receipt against work application and delay in wage payments. Moreover, it was found that there was a lack of awareness among MGNREGS workers about the facilities\guidelines and other provisions of MGNREGA whereas level of awareness among officials was satisfactory. However, the implementation of this scheme has resulted in women empowerment, generation of more employment opportunities and improvement in the income of workers. It is suggested that intensive monitoring/evaluation of MGNREGS should be done at the State/district level to ensure the proper implementation of the scheme.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Tourism and economic growth in jammu kashmir
    (Central University of Punjab, 2014) Unjum, Irfana; Singh, Kulwinder
    From last few decades "Tourism" has been world's rapidly growing industry. In Jammu and Kashmir, tourism is an important industry as scope of agricultural and industrial development is limited. Present study investigates the role of tourism in the economic growth of Jammu and Kashmir during the period from 2004-05 to 2012-13. It also analyses the impact of tourism on livelihood as well as on the income and expenditure level of the stakeholders involved in this business. Besides secondary data, study is based on the primary data collected from the four tourist destinations namely, Katra, Patnitop, Gulmarg and Pahalgam of the state. Findings of the study reveal that tourism is one of the important sectors of Jammu and Kashmir. Having bi-directional relationship between tourism and economic growth, tourism contributes significantly to the GSDP of the state. The contribution of tourism in income and employment is found to be significant as the stakeholders involved in this business are earning fair income and also the employment provided by this sector is usually permanent. Moreover, average working hours in the tourism business are more for permanent employees than temporary ones, and so is the average monthly income. Income from tourism has positive and significant impact on the expenditure and investment level of the stakeholders.