School Of Basic And Applied Sciences
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Item Role of nanoparticles in the treatment of human disease: a comprehensive review(Elsevier, 2022-12-09T00:00:00) Zomuansangi, Ruth; Singh, Bhim Pratap; Singh, Garima; Zothanpuia; Singh, Prashant Kumar; Song, Jae Jun; Kharat, Arun S.; Deka, Purbhajyoti; Yadav, Mukesh KumarNanoparticles (NPs) are nanosize particles which can be employed to treat human diseases and enhance the potential of existing drugs. The NPs can overcome biological barriers and enhance the drug delivery to the target site and thus increase efficiency of the drug. NPs are classified into various types, including polymeric, inorganic, and lipid-based NPs. In addition different types of NPs are used in medical fields, such as chitosan, alginate, cellulose, and liposome-based. The NPs have offered many advantages in disease diagnostic and therapeutic with the safe delivery of the various drugs into the tissue. In the past few years, the usage of nanotechnology in medicine has led to the improvement of vaccine efficiency, immunity strategies, and targeted delivery to attain a positive immune response at the cellular level and to advance vaccine efficiency. The NP carriers should defend the antigens from premature proteolytic degradation, ease antigen uptake and processing by antigen-presenting cells, control release, and be harmless for human consumption. This review chapter presents a summary of the current research and future trends in the use of NPs in the treatment of diseases with an emphasis on drug delivery. � 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Item Electrochemical Biosensors for the Detection of Antibiotics in Milk: Recent Trends and Future Perspectives(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2023-09-01T00:00:00) Singh, Baljit; Bhat, Abhijnan; Dutta, Lesa; Pati, Kumari Riya; Korpan, Yaroslav; Dahiya, IshaAntibiotics have emerged as ground-breaking medications for the treatment of infectious diseases, but due to the excessive use of antibiotics, some drugs have developed resistance to microorganisms. Because of their structural complexity, most antibiotics are excreted unchanged, polluting the water, soil, and natural resources. Additionally, food items are being polluted through the widespread use of antibiotics in animal feed. The normal concentrations of antibiotics in environmental samples typically vary from ng to g/L. Antibiotic residues in excess of these values can pose major risks the development of illnesses and infections/diseases. According to estimates, 300 million people will die prematurely in the next three decades (by 2050), and the WHO has proclaimed �antibiotic resistance� to be a severe economic and sociological hazard to public health. Several antibiotics have been recognised as possible environmental pollutants (EMA) and their detection in various matrices such as food, milk, and environmental samples is being investigated. Currently, chromatographic techniques coupled with different detectors (e.g., HPLC, LC-MS) are typically used for antibiotic analysis. Other screening methods include optical methods, ELISA, electrophoresis, biosensors, etc. To minimise the problems associated with antibiotics (i.e., the development of AMR) and the currently available analytical methods, electrochemical platforms have been investigated, and can provide a cost-effective, rapid and portable alternative. Despite the significant progress in this field, further developments are necessary to advance electrochemical sensors, e.g., through the use of multi-functional nanomaterials and advanced (bio)materials to ensure efficient detection, sensitivity, portability, and reliability. This review summarises the use of electrochemical biosensors for the detection of antibiotics in milk/milk products and presents a brief introduction to antibiotics and AMR followed by developments in the field of electrochemical biosensors based on (i) immunosensor, (ii) aptamer (iii) MIP, (iv) enzyme, (v) whole-cell and (vi) direct electrochemical approaches. The role of nanomaterials and sensor fabrication is discussed wherever necessary. Finally, the review discusses the challenges encountered and future perspectives. This review can serve as an insightful source of information, enhancing the awareness of the role of electrochemical biosensors in providing information for the preservation of the health of the public, of animals, and of our environment, globally. � 2023 by the authors.Item Role of nanoparticles in the treatment of human disease: a comprehensive review(Elsevier, 2022-12-09T00:00:00) Zomuansangi, Ruth; Singh, Bhim Pratap; Singh, Garima; Zothanpuia; Singh, Prashant Kumar; Song, Jae Jun; Kharat, Arun S.; Deka, Purbhajyoti; Yadav, Mukesh KumarNanoparticles (NPs) are nanosize particles which can be employed to treat human diseases and enhance the potential of existing drugs. The NPs can overcome biological barriers and enhance the drug delivery to the target site and thus increase efficiency of the drug. NPs are classified into various types, including polymeric, inorganic, and lipid-based NPs. In addition different types of NPs are used in medical fields, such as chitosan, alginate, cellulose, and liposome-based. The NPs have offered many advantages in disease diagnostic and therapeutic with the safe delivery of the various drugs into the tissue. In the past few years, the usage of nanotechnology in medicine has led to the improvement of vaccine efficiency, immunity strategies, and targeted delivery to attain a positive immune response at the cellular level and to advance vaccine efficiency. The NP carriers should defend the antigens from premature proteolytic degradation, ease antigen uptake and processing by antigen-presenting cells, control release, and be harmless for human consumption. This review chapter presents a summary of the current research and future trends in the use of NPs in the treatment of diseases with an emphasis on drug delivery. � 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.