Geography - Master Dissertation

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://kr.cup.edu.in/handle/32116/90

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Analysing The Impact Of Sand Mining On The Flow Of Tawi River, Jammu And Kashmir
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Salgotra, Vishabh; GUITE, L.T. SASANG
The river Tawi in Jammu and Kashmir faces indiscriminate sand mining practice where large amount of sand is being mined from the river bed between Nagrota and Sidhra area. The increasing pace of urbanization and associated developments in Jammu City and nearby areas are responsible for this practice. The mining activity in Tawi river involves massive digging of river bed materials upto 3-4 mts depth with the help of heavy duty excavators used by the mining contractors, whereas, the Geology and Mining Department gave the permission to extract the materials up to 3 mts depth. Moreover, the sand mining has impacted the flow of river Tawi particularly between Nagrota and Sidhra. In this study, the locations of sand mining sites in Tawi river between Nagrota and Sidhra are mapped from 2007 to 2018 and an attempt made to analyse the possible impact of sand mining on the flow of river. The mapping is done by using GIS technique and a field visit is also carried out for acquiring the coordinates and photographs of present sand mining sites in river Tawi
Analysis Of Land-Use Land-Cover Change In Rajouri District, Jammu And Kashmir
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Ahmed, Ishtiaq; Guite,L.T. Sasang
An attempt was made in this study to detect the land use and land cover changes in Rajouri district of J&K during the period from November 2008 to December 2016. The LULC change over a span of 08 years (2008-2016) was investigated through remote sensing approach using two different time satellite images. Supervised classification in GIS software has been adopted in LISS-III (2008) and Landsat-8 (2016) images of the study area. To identify LULC changes from these pictures, post classification are used. The findings of Land-use Land-cover change shown that the study has experienced a decrease in forests by 6 percent and with an increase in agricultural land and open fields and settlement areas during the study period. These amendments in the land-use and land cover of the study area convey us that this change is due to rising anthropogenic burden on forests and high level of deforestation is responsible. Nonstop assessments of land-use/land-covers changes in this city and the implementation of proper land use planning are mandatory for ideal and systematic development.
Destruction of Aravalli and Its Human Impacts
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Shiva; Guite, L.T. Sasang
Mining is carried out all over the world for mineral excavations. It is very important for the economic and social development of the region. This study focuses on different literatures on impacts of mining in Pali area of Haryana. The study has been carried out for Pali region that shares a very little part of Aravali range. Maps have been prepared for years 2004, 2010 & 2017 locating the mining sites of the regions and the change in landuse patterns of the particular region at different temporal intervals. Field visit has been carried out to verify the result and the ground reality of the study area. The main focus of this work is to demarcate the area of mining and study the landuse change through GIS.
Determination Of Trace Metals In Different Phases Of Sediments By Sequential Extraction Method
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Swain, Subhransu; K Pattanaik, Jitendra
Elements are distributed in different phase based on their affinity to different complexes present in the sediment phases. Some phases are rich in certain element due to geochemical behaviour of that element.Sediments from weathering profile and river bedload carries information about the chemical weathering intensity, neoformations, type of clay minerals formed due to alteration ofprimary mineral phase. XRD analysis gives us information about the distribution of different minerals presents in weathering profile and bedload deposits. Change in mineral assemblage from weathering profile to bedload deposits by different surficial process can be obtained from mineralogical and geochemical analysis of sediments. Semi-quantification and mineral phase identification from XRD analysis shows mineral distribution and indicate the clay mineral percentage is high in the weathering profile sediments.An analytical procedure involving sequential extraction have been developed for understanding partitioning of particulate trace metals into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter and residuals.Sequential leaching of weathering profile sediments indicate that the partitioning of trace elements like Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Tl and Thin organic phase is high and it contains 50-70% of the total. Whereas, element like Co, Cd, U is in lower concentration which is varies between 0 - 20 %.Except As, U Tl all other element shows higher (> 50%) partitioning in the organic phase of the Bed load sediments.
Dissolution rate of Basalt
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) K Panigrahi, Somesh; K Pattanaik, Jitendra
Physical weathering, Chemical weathering, climate and grain size strongly influences the weathering rate of dissolution. To determine the basalt dissolution rate at various physical-chemical conditions and create an artificial weathering set up by controlling pH, time, grain size in the lab. Three fresh (F.R A1, A2 and Fresh basalt (2/RT12/2)) and one weather (B1) samples of basalt was taken for the defining the rate of weathering. 125-75 and 75-38?m grains size of samples were treated with pH 4, pH 6 continuously agitate for 24, 72, 48 hours and 168 hours at room temperature. Mineral phase identification and geochemical measurements were carried out using XRD and ICP-MS analysis. B1 is less dense compared to other three samples (F.R A1, A2 and Fresh basalt (2/RT12/2)) and A2 shows the high density. Initial pH 4 changed into pH 4.5 and the pH 6 samples changed into pH 7 during dissolution of basalt. In Acidic condition/ low pH the leached elemental concentration is found to be high. Effect of grain size variation in the dissolution rate found to be less. The dissolution rate is higher in the initial stage and reduced with time. Weathered samples shows higher mineral dissolution rate compare to the fresh basalt.
Genesis, Morphology And Geochemistry Of Calcretes Formed In Stabilised Sand Dunes Of Bathinda and Rajasthan
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Pati, Adarsharanjan; Pattanaik Kumar Jitendra
Ground water level and chemistry, rain fall intensity, climate type, supply of wind borne dust rich in calcium carbonate influences the formation of calcretes in dune profiles. Study of calcrete will help to understand the paleoclimate, vegetation and provenance of sediments where it developed. In this study calcretes were collected from Bathinda and Rajasthan. Morphological types, size measurement, CaCO3 percentage, mineralogical and geochemical analysis were investigated on the calcrete sample. Result shows calcite, quartz, and anorthite are major mineral phases found in the calcretes. A majority of the samples are tubular types (both having hollows i.e. rhizoliths and as well as no hollows). Indurated to very soft type calcrtes also found in these areas. CaCO3 percentage in the calcretes is higher than the dune sediments. SEM and EDX data says that the cementing materials are calcites and the grains are quartz along with some clay fractions. Two types of calcite cement, micritic and sparitic are are observed. Geochemical analysis suggest that the trace elements such as Co, Ni, As, Th and U show positive correlation with CaCO3 percentage.
Geochemical, Textural And Mineralogical Analysis Of Aeolian Sediments
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Rout, Ujjwala; Pattanaik Kumar Jitendra
Geochemical characteristics of sediments of sand dune will control the quality of shallow ground water and soil type and its composition. In this study sediments from stabilized sand dunes found in in the area of Bathinda and Sikar Region were investigated. With time and change of climatic condition pedogenesis process will be active on the stabilized sand dunes. Aeolian sediments of stabilized sand dunes provides clue to understand the paleoclimate, paleo-vegetation, paleo-wind flow direction of these area.Grain Size Distribution and mineralogical analysis of the sediments helps to understand the depositional environment and energy condition of that area, degree physical and chemical weathering and transportation history.In the present study textural and mineralogical analysis of Aeolian sands was carried out to find out the chemical weathering intensity of that area and depositional environment of the sediments. The sediments of Bathinda andSikar regions are texturally very fine sand. The Sikar regions are unimodal with fine grain size, whereas in Bathinda few samples shows bimodal. Based on various discrimination plots it is infer that the sediments are deposited in the quite aeolian environmentwith low active energy condition. Presence of calcrete and clay minerals indicate dunes were stabilized and pedogenesis process were active in the sand dunes. Maximum carbonate percentage is observed from the Loc S. Bulk geochemistry indicates the SiO2 percentage varies from 58 to 64%. The maximum CIA value of 83 was observed in the Loc C samples. A-CN-K and A-CNK-FM ternary plot shows maximum samples are low to moderately weathered and trending towards Al2O3 apex.
Geochemistry Of Proglacial Lake Deposits Of Upper Alaknanda Basin
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Ali, Yousuf; Pattanaik K, Jitendra
Many researchers have recorded climatic upheaval in the Himalaya during the Late Quaternary. The chemical weathering in the Upper Alaknanda basin has changed during the glacial and interglacial period. Different sediment archives such as pro-glacial deposits and terrace deposits act as repository to understand the paleo-weathering intensity of the sediment.In this study geochemistry of sediments of pro-glacial lake deposits found in the Badirinath valley of upper Alaknanda basin was carried out to understand the paleo-climate of the study area by identifying the clay minerals, intensity of chemical weathering and to estimate the distance travelled from the source. The lake deposits are thinly laminated and lack boulder and pebble layers. Sediment deposits at the right bank of Alaknanda River near Bamini village are more likely lake deposits as compare to left bank deposits which is terrace. By clay mineral identification, it is concluded that the paleo-climate of the pro-glacial lake deposits were cold and is deposited during glacial period. XRF analysis in terms of CIA calculation, A-CN-K plot and A-CNK-FM plot suggests that there is low degree of chemical weathering occurred in the study area. The percentage of clay silt fractionation calculation by gravity setting method conforms that the sediment were not travelled far from their source.
Geochemistry Of Terrace Deposits Of Upper Alaknanda Basin
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Mohd, Yusuf; Pattanaik, Jitendra Kumar
Geochemical and clay mineralogical study of terrace deposits in the higher altitude will provide the information of nature and extent of chemical weathering in the upper reaches of the river basin. In this study sediment samples from terrace deposits of Badrinath valley, upper Alaknanda basin were collected for clay mineral identification and quantification, and geochemical analysis to understand chemical weathering intensity prevailing during sediment deposits. The deposits are interlayered with the pebble and the boulder layers which are due to the changing energy condition caused by climatic variations. Bulk and clay mineralogy, grain size distribution of <38 micron size suggest that physical weathering is dominated in the study are compare to chemical weathering. Presences of illite in specific site indicate a colder climatic condition (i.e. glacial period) during development of terraces. CIA, A-CN-K, A-CNK-FM ternary diagram suggest low intensity of chemical weathering in the upper catchment area and grain size reduction is mainly due to physical weathering. Bulk geochemistry is indicating felsic source rock.
A Geographical Analysis Of Female Education In Kota And Jalore District, Rajasthan
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Meena, Jyoti; Guite, L.T. Sasang
Education is the backbone of the society as it develops confidence, build personality & help in leading a better life. For the development of the nation the education of both Male & Female is necessary. Female education is the need of the hour as they play a vital role in the overall progress of the country as women are the first teacher of their children. It is their lap that the children receive the very first lesson. The society runs on two wheels should be equally study. It has been observed that the literacy rate in state of Rajasthan is low as compared to other states of India. Study has been conducted on two districts Kota & Jalore of Rajasthan on the ground of Female literacy rate. Thus, the researcher seeks to analyse the gap between the Female literacy rate in both the districts on the basis of Distribution of Educational facilities and the enrolment of girl students in Primary, upper primary and secondary level of Education.
A Geographical Study Of Occupational Structure In Sri Muktsar Sahib District, Punjab
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Singh, Harminder; Guite Sasang L.T.
The district of Sri Muktsar Sahib facing waterlogging problem since the period of 1980 after the introduction of two major canals namely Sirhind Feeder and Indra Gandhi canal during 1960. The condition of waterlogging exists in small patches in all areas of district. Mostly the waterlogged areas prevail along Indra Gandhi Canal. The district has both permanent and seasonal types of water-logging and presently shifting toward south-west of district. Present study is an initiative to study the impact of waterlogging on occupational structure of people. Both primary and secondary source of data are being used for study, In primary source, Mapping is completed with GIS (Geographic Information System) by using Bhuvan Geo-portal data and secondly field study was conducted with the help of questionnaire, apart from these GPS (Global Positioning System) were used for collecting GCP (Ground Control Points). Secondary source includes Census reports, Journals Articles, books and other web sources. The main finding of study indicates that waterlogging condition has no impact upon occupation structure of people because people are earning their livelihood from other sources. Mostly people are aware about government policies and waterlogging condition is not forcing them to engage in other occupation.
A Geographical Study Of Tourism In Rajouri And Poonch District, Jammu And Kashmir
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Ahmed, Sarfraz; Guite,L.T. Sasang
Tourism is basic desirable human activity deserving the praise, encouragement of all the people and all government. In the early years of this century, tourism was not looked as an industry but with the increasing standard of living, fast technological revolutions today it has undoubtedly become an industry. Tourism basically is an infrastructure based service product. Tourism is a regular industry involving a lot of resources and potential. Tourism is the composite of activities services and industry that delivers travel expenditure, involving transportation, accommodation, entertainment, hospitality related services and integrated infrastructure. Moreover, it is socially relevant and commercially important industry.
Impact of Human Elephant Conflict on People's Wellbeing in West Bengal
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Dattusalia, Akash; GUITE, L.T. SASANG
One of the major issues in wildlife management is Human-Wildlife conflict. Over the last two decades, the problem has only increased because of growing population, economic activities, both in privately and publicly run. Often these activities lack inter-departmental co-ordination or advanced planning. Environmental Impact Assessment are either not carried out or executed effectively. West Bengal, has to its strategic geographical location in the terms of biodiversity, it acts as inter-state and inter-country elephant corridors at several places, both at south Bengal and at North Bengal. The current study focus upon Human-Elephant Conflict in North and South West Bengal (mainly on Doors-Terai and Purulia, Bankura and West Midnapore) which are being experienced with increased intensity because of several development activities which are being executed with little attention for the region's legacy as a richly biodiverse zone. The study looks into factors which cause harm to peoples and Elephants life. The migration of herds from Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, situated in the State of Jharkhand started migrating to Jhargram Division in the state of West Bengal; chequered pattern of land distribution in the region where tea gardens, human settlements and forests are knitted with each other.
Mapping of Granite and Marble Slurry sites of Rajasthan
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Singh, Ravindra; Singh K. Kiran
Rajasthan is known as Museum of minerals in India. It owns 79 different types of Major and Minor minerals. It shares 9% of the mineral production in India. Mining and smelting of its base metal deposits are also one of the oldest in the world dating back to more than 2,500 years before present. Rajasthan is also Known for its decorative stones; Marble and Granite. Marble has been mined here for last 400 year. Taj Mahal & Victoria palace is built by Rajasthani Marble. But nowadays Rajasthan is paying the heavy price of stone mining & processing. The waste generated from Mining and processing from conventional techniques is very high & sometimes it is up to 70% of the total mined block. The waste remains in the form of odd blocks, unshaped rock fragments, Krazzy and stone slurry. All the other waste except the slurry can be used directly for various purpose. The slurry causes different pollution like air pollution, land pollution, water pollution and visibility pollution when it is dumped unscientifically. There are 7 Tehsils of Rajasthan which are affected by this problem. In this study, the locations of the Slurry dumping sites (both scientific & unscientific) has mapped & the total area which falls under the slurry site is calculated. Though this mapping is conducted with simple techniques but the study will help in prepare a data inventory of these pollutant slurry sites. It can be further used in Site suitability analysis of the slurry sites.
Mapping of Surface Water Bodies in Punjab and High Resolution of Remote Sensing Data
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Ahmed, Mukhtar; Singh, Kiran K.
This study is an attempt to create boundary of Punjab state and surface water bodies map from NATMO atlas map, SOI map, Landsat-8 data and Google Earth image using GIS software. It has also compared the variation in status which is extracted from the data or image of various scale or resolution. According to NATMO data, the water bodies in Punjab are 1476. 109km2 (excluding canals), according to Landsat-8 are 2844.55 km2 (including canals), according to SOI are 764.93 km2 and according to Google earth are 141.06 km2. Variation in the status of the area and length of surface water bodies is due to the scale and resolution of images. High resolution image is capable of creating precise boundaries. The purpose of this study was to create precise boundaries of the state and water bodies. Management of water bodies calls for generation of multiple inventories and demarcation of precise boundary is one of the inventories. This study also suggests the Map making organisations to revise their maps by using recent geospatial technologies.
Mapping Of Urban Green Spaces Using Remote Sensing Technique: A Study Of Cities Of Punjab
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Kaur, Mandeep; Singh, Kiran K.
Urban green spaces are important part of urban areas for good/fresh environment. These spaces are helpful in controlling and reducing the pollution and the temperature. These urban spaces provide a variety of services like biodiversity conservation, noise reduction, mitigation of urban heat island effect, prevention of soil erosion and carbon sequestration. Due to increasing urbanization, the quantity and quality of urban green spaces are degraded. So urban authorities are concerned about the management of green areas in the cities. Mapping of vegetation and green spaces play an important role to conserve the environment and sustainable environment in urban areas for authorities. In the study, the remote sensing is used for the mapping the urban green areas. This study probes the vegetation change detection in the four cities of Punjab over the period of 17 years from 2000 to 2017 based on NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) by using remote sensing images of Landsat 7 and Sentinel 2 data.
Microstructral Analysis Of Mammalian Teeth Enamel From Kutch And Siwalik Basin
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Gogoi, Bikashit; Sharma, K Milankumar
The studies area is lies along the western most part of the Indian sub-continent between, the latitude of 23.13°-24.68° N and longitude 68.10°-71.80° E, which is pre cratonic, is preserving almost a complete sequence of sedimentary deposits ranging in age from Triassic to Recent. This dissertation attempts to study the microstructural analysis of tooth’s enamel of mammals of dinotherium, gompotherium, hipparion, rhino from Miocene deposit of Kutch basin Dental materials of deinotherium, gompotherium, hipparion, rhino of Kutch basin was collected and sampled for comprehensive analysis of the microstructure of the enamel. Microstructural features of the mammalian tooth enamel used for taxonomical identification of the analysed sample. I investigated the deinotheirum, Gompotheriidae, Rhinoceritidae, hipparion. Microstructures can be analysed by the stacking pattern of the prisms, different species belonging to different family shows different types of stacking pattern called HSB. The results obtained from study of the SEM images suggest that different species of different family show different enamel prism pattern. Apart from taxonomical identification of the studied sample one can also find out dietary habits, palaeo-environment and how substances with high hardness can be chewed and grinded by enamel which is of less hardness.
Microstructure Analysis Of Miocene Shark Teeth Of Baripada Beds, Odisha, India
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Gogoi, Bikash Jyoti; Sharma, K Milankumar
The present study focuses on the microstructures of Miocene shark teeth of different taxa. For this, samples have been collected from Baripada area, along the river Burhabalang, in the state of Odisha, a place which has undergone global marine transgression in the late Miocene age and yields a good and diverse assemblage of fossils. For the process of analysis, the samples have been polished with corundum powder mixed with one or two drops of water and etched with 2N HCl and acetone. Analysis has been done using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the results showed that the Chondrichthyan group of sharks has a single homogenous layer known as the Single Crystallite Enameloid (SCE), whereas the Neoselachian group of sharks are more advanced, complex and undergone evolution, comprising of a triple-layered enameloid, namely the Shiny Layer Enameloid (SLE), the Parallel Bundled Enameloid (PBE) and the Tangled Bundled Enameloid (TBE). The study is done to examine different microstructural forms and conduct comparative analysis. In this study, majority of the samples have shown to belong to the Neoselachian group, whilst the remaining few were shown to have Chondricthyan origin. The enameloid in the shark teeth is much harder than the dentin due to the presence of high mineral content and shows a more complex organisation of crystallites at the apical portion of the teeth.
Mineralogical And Geochemical Studies Onbed Load Sediments Of Gumani River "Implications For Provenance And Weathering Processes"
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Bej, Binaya; K Pattanaik, Jitendra
Geochemical and mineralogical study of bed load sediments will help to understand the weathering process, the intensity of weathering and the denudation in various environmental conditions, origin, mode of occurrence, biological and physic-chemical processes, mobilization and transport of various elements. River draining a single lithology helps to study above parameter of the catchment area. So here GumaniriverdrainingRajmahal basalt was selected as there is no report or literature available from this catchment to understand the weathering process in its water shade. The mineral compositions of the river bed load sediments from different locations shows quartz, calcic plagioclase, clinoenstatite clay minerals such as gibbsite, kaolinite, illite, goethite and clay micas, are dominating mineral phases. Clay mineral percentage is higher in the upper reaches compare to thelower reach of the river. Clay mineral gibbsite and kaoline indicate the removal of silica is higher in the upper reach and shows kaolintization, lateritization and upto some degree of Bauxitization process is active in the upper reach. CIA value, A-CN-K, A-CNK-FM ternary diagram indicate the intensity of weathering is moderate to high at different location. The index of lateritization shows clear indication of kaolintization?lateritization?Bauxitization process.
Paleoclimate And Paleoenvironment Analysis Of Panchet Formation Of Damodar Basin, India Using Xrd Analysis
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Boral, Nandan; Sharma, K Milankumar
The bulk rock geochemistry of 14 samples collected from the Asansol district, West Bengal, India, from the Northern bank of the river Damodar were analysed using XRD. The studied area belongs to the Panchet Formation of Lower Triassic age of Lower Gondwana group of rocks. The major analysis has been done using the clay mineralogy. These data enables to reconstruct the ancient environmental and climatic condition during the deposition. Samples were dried in an oven up to 65°c temperature for a week and grinded to finest level in Retch RS200.Raw XRD data receive were analysed in X'Pert high software. SEM samples were prepared by disintegrating sandstone with Hydrogen peroxide. Equal sized quartz grains were analyzed under Carl Zeiss Merlin Compact 6073 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope and their surface textures observed. Three major clays (Smectite, Illite and Kaolinite) have been identified for the correlation with different sections. The percentage of these three clays calculated manually. Presence of high Smectite with Kaolinite indicates warm humid environment of formation, with rainfall ranging from 50-150 cm, higher amount of Smectite over Kaolinite indicates variation in seasonality during the deposition.