Department Of Geography

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Analysing The Impact Of Sand Mining On The Flow Of Tawi River, Jammu And Kashmir
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Salgotra, Vishabh; GUITE, L.T. SASANG
The river Tawi in Jammu and Kashmir faces indiscriminate sand mining practice where large amount of sand is being mined from the river bed between Nagrota and Sidhra area. The increasing pace of urbanization and associated developments in Jammu City and nearby areas are responsible for this practice. The mining activity in Tawi river involves massive digging of river bed materials upto 3-4 mts depth with the help of heavy duty excavators used by the mining contractors, whereas, the Geology and Mining Department gave the permission to extract the materials up to 3 mts depth. Moreover, the sand mining has impacted the flow of river Tawi particularly between Nagrota and Sidhra. In this study, the locations of sand mining sites in Tawi river between Nagrota and Sidhra are mapped from 2007 to 2018 and an attempt made to analyse the possible impact of sand mining on the flow of river. The mapping is done by using GIS technique and a field visit is also carried out for acquiring the coordinates and photographs of present sand mining sites in river Tawi
Analysis Of Land-Use Land-Cover Change In Rajouri District, Jammu And Kashmir
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Ahmed, Ishtiaq; Guite,L.T. Sasang
An attempt was made in this study to detect the land use and land cover changes in Rajouri district of J&K during the period from November 2008 to December 2016. The LULC change over a span of 08 years (2008-2016) was investigated through remote sensing approach using two different time satellite images. Supervised classification in GIS software has been adopted in LISS-III (2008) and Landsat-8 (2016) images of the study area. To identify LULC changes from these pictures, post classification are used. The findings of Land-use Land-cover change shown that the study has experienced a decrease in forests by 6 percent and with an increase in agricultural land and open fields and settlement areas during the study period. These amendments in the land-use and land cover of the study area convey us that this change is due to rising anthropogenic burden on forests and high level of deforestation is responsible. Nonstop assessments of land-use/land-covers changes in this city and the implementation of proper land use planning are mandatory for ideal and systematic development.
Analyzing shoreline dynamicity and the associated socioecological risk along the Southern Odisha Coast of India using remote sensing-based and statistical approaches
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2021-02-06T00:00:00) Mishra, Manoranjan; Acharyya, Tamoghna; Chand, Pritam; Santos, Celso Augusto Guimar�es; Kar, Dipika; Das, Prabhu Prasad; Pattnaik, Namita; Silva, Richarde Marques da; Nascimento, Thiago Victor Medeiros do
The coastal zone is an extremely volatile environment and is constantly changing. We assessed short- and long-term shoreline changes in the Ganjam district of Odisha on the eastern coast of India from 1990 to 2019 using Landsat satellite imagery and the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) tool in a geographic information system. In addition, we have also projected the likely future coastline position for the 2030�2040 period and the possible impact on the socioecology of the shoreline. In this study, we used the endpoint rate (EPR) analysis, weighted linear regression (WLR) analysis, and trigonometric functions to analyze the shoreline from 1990 to 2019 and also forecasted for year 2030 and 2040. The shoreline of the Ganjam coastal zone is one of the most biologically productive ecosystems in the world, and it is well-known due to the breeding and mass nesting grounds of olive ridley turtles and the economically connected ports, famous beaches, and cyclone-prone areas. During the study period (1990�2019), the average erosion and accretion rates in the Ganjam shoreline were ?2.58 m/year and 11.63 m/year, respectively. The rate of shoreline erosion increased during years of cyclone landfall, which was revealed during the short-term shoreline analysis of the periods from 1995 to 2000 (1999 super cyclone) and 2015 to 2019 (2019 category�IV cyclone Fani). The short- to long-term analyses of the shoreline assisted in identifying erosion (Ramyapatna, Podampetta) and accretion (southern part of Gopalpur port, spits along the Bahuda and Rushikulya Rivers) hotspots within the Ganjam coastal zone. The identified erosion hotspots could submerge a significant number of coastal villages that serve as breeding and mass nesting grounds for olive ridley turtles. The dominant erosion along the Ganjam coastline are likely to enhance socioecological risk and further threaten coastal communities in the future. The output of the undertaken research will benefit coastal planners, policymakers, and conservationists by helping them to formulate the most suitable action plan for coastal zone management with consideration of all stakeholders. � 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Assessing Sustainable Ecotourism Opportunities in Western Rajasthan, India, through Advanced Geospatial Technologies
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2023-07-25T00:00:00) Chandel, Rajeev Singh; Kanga, Shruti; Singh, Suraj Kumar; �urin, Bojan; Or�uli?, Olga Bjelotomi?; Dogan?i?, Dragana; Hunt, Julian David
The present study focuses on finding potential sites for ecotourism development using GIS and remote-sensing-based weightage sum overlay techniques in Western Rajasthan, India. Ecotourism is one of the fastest growing and revenue-making sectors incorporating a sustainable future. Western Rajasthan has a broad scope to develop tourism-based activity in various ways, mainly through cultural heritage, historical and archaeological wonders, and rare wildlife. Weightage sum overlay analysis is a useful and simple tool to compare each thematic layer. These values are based on various factors and understanding taken during the study. For this purpose, different data types have been taken from the USGS website. Arc GIS 10.8 and ERDAS Imagine software 2015 have been utilized to process the data. This research incorporates seven thematic layers, i.e., elevation, proximity to streams, land use/cover, population density, road connectivity, proximity to protected areas, and heritage hotspots. Based on the physical and cultural characteristics of Western Rajasthan, the weightage of each thematic layer has been decided, which is finally overlaid using Arc GIS software. After processing all the thematic layers, we finally get an outcome in the form of a suitability map. The final suitability map represents five suitability classes that divide the total area into the following categories, very high (37.31%), high (26.85%), moderate (7.89%), low (0.83%), and very low (27.12%), which represents the potential of ecotourism in Western Rajasthan. � 2023 by the authors.
Assessing the Effects of Drought on Rice Yields in the Mekong Delta
(MDPI, 2023-01-04T00:00:00) Lavane, Kim; Kumar, Pankaj; Meraj, Gowhar; Han, Tran Gia; Ngan, Luong Hong Boi; Lien, Bui Thi Bich; Van Ty, Tran; Thanh, Nguyen Truong; Downes, Nigel K.; Nam, Nguyen Dinh Giang; Minh, Huynh Vuong Thu; Singh, Suraj Kumar; Kanga, Shruti
In contrast to other natural disasters, droughts may develop gradually and last for extended periods of time. The World Meteorological Organization advises using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for the early identification of drought and understanding of its characteristics over various geographical areas. In this study, we use long-term rainfall data from 14 rain gauge stations in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (1979�2020) to examine correlations with changes in rice yields. Results indicate that in the winter�spring rice cropping season in both 2016 and 2017, yields declined, corresponding with high humidity levels. Excessive rainfall during these years may have contributed to waterlogging, which in turn adversely affected yields. The results highlight that not only drought, but also humidity has the potential to adversely affect rice yield. � 2023 by the authors.
Assessing the Impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on South Andaman�s Coastal Shoreline: A Geospatial Analysis of Erosion and Accretion Patterns
(MDPI, 2023-05-28T00:00:00) Singh, Saurabh; Singh, Suraj Kumar; Prajapat, Deepak Kumar; Pandey, Vikas; Kanga, Shruti; Kumar, Pankaj; Meraj, Gowhar
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami significantly impacted the coastal shoreline of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, causing widespread destruction of infrastructure and ecological damage. This study aims to analyze the short- and long-term shoreline changes in South Andaman, focusing on 2004�2005 (pre- and post-tsunami) and 1990�2023 (to assess periodic changes). Using remote sensing techniques and geospatial tools such as the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), shoreline change rates were calculated in four zones, revealing the extent of the tsunami�s impact. During the pre- and post-tsunami periods, the maximum coastal erosion rate was ?410.55 m/year, while the maximum accretion was 359.07 m/year in zone A, the island�s east side. For the 1990�2023 period, the most significant coastal shoreline erosion rate was also recorded in zone A, which was recorded at ?2.3 m/year. After analyzing the result, it can be seen that the tsunami severely affected the island�s east side. To validate the coastal shoreline measurements, the root mean square error (RMSE) of Landsat-7 and Google Earth was 18.53 m, enabling comparisons of the accuracy of different models on the same dataset. The results demonstrate the extensive impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on South Andaman�s coastal shoreline and the value of analyzing shoreline changes to understand the short- and long-term consequences of such events on coastal ecosystems. This information can inform conservation efforts, management strategies, and disaster response plans to mitigate future damage and allocate resources more efficiently. By better understanding the impact of tsunamis on coastal shorelines, emergency responders, government agencies, and conservationists can develop more effective strategies to protect these fragile ecosystems and the communities that rely on them. � 2023 by the authors.
Assessing the impacts of current and future changes of the planforms of river Brahmaputra on its land use-land cover
(Elsevier B.V., 2023-02-02T00:00:00) Debnath, Jatan; Sahariah, Dhrubajyoti; Lahon, Durlov; Nath, Nityaranjan; Chand, Kesar; Meraj, Gowhar; Kumar, Pankaj; Kumar Singh, Suraj; Kanga, Shruti; Farooq, Majid
River bankline migration is a frequent phenomenon in the river of the floodplain region. Nowadays, channel dynamics-related changes in land use and land cover (LULC) are becoming a risk to the life and property of people living in the vicinity of rivers. A comprehensive evaluation of the causes and consequences of such changes is essential for better policy and decision-making for disaster risk reduction and management. The present study assesses the changes in the Brahmaputra River planform using the GIS-based Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) and relates it with the changing LULC of the floodplain evaluated using the CA-Markov model. In this study, the future channel of the Brahmaputra River and its flood plain's future LULC were forecasted to pinpoint the erosion-vulnerable zone. Forty-eight years (1973�2021) of remotely sensed data were applied to estimate the rate of bankline migration. It was observed that the river's erosion-accretion rate was higher in early times than in more recent ones. The left and right banks� average shifting rates between 1973 and 1988 were ?55.44 m/y and ?56.79 m/y, respectively, while they were ?17.25 m/y and ?48.49 m/y from 2011 to 2021. The left bank of the river Brahmaputra had more erosion than the right, which indicates that the river is shifting in the leftward direction (Southward). In this river course, zone A (Lower course) and zone B (Middle course) were more adversely affected than zone C (Upper course). According to the predicted result, the left bank is more susceptible to bank erosion than the right bank (where the average rate of erosion and deposition was ?72.23 m/y and 79.50 m/y, respectively). The left bank's average rate of erosion was ?111.22 m/y. The research assesses the LULC study in conjunction with river channel dynamics in vulnerable areas where nearby infrastructure and settlements were at risk due to channel migration. The degree of accuracy was verified using the actual bankline and predicted bankline, as well as the actual LULC map and anticipated LULC map. In more than 90% of cases, the bankline's position and shape generally remain the same as the actual bankline. The overall, and kappa accuracy of all the LULC maps was more than 85%, which was suitable for the forecast. Moreover, chi-square (x2) result values for classified classes denoted the accuracy and acceptability of the CA-Markov model for predicting the LULC map. The results of this work aim to understand better the efficient hazard management strategy for the Brahmaputra River for hazard managers of the region using an automated prediction approach. � 2023 China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and Peking University
Assessing the prevalence of water borne diseases in Muktsar district of Punjab, India
(Institute of Indian Geographers, 2022-03-01T00:00:00) Singh, Amritpal; Guite, L.T. Sasang
Water related diseases are a worldwide concern and the Muktsar district in Punjab is no exception, where, apart from typhoid; malaria and dengue are the two emerging water borne diseases in recent years as experienced during 2013-2017. The changing disease ecology within the district is of great concern for the population at risk and the most vulnerable, as the study shows a large number of cases reported in the working population in the age group of 20-49. The study identifies the hotspots of malaria and dengue using Kernel Density Estimation and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation that shows the northern part of the district is at higher risk of disease diffusion and higher concentration of infectious diseases. � 2022 Institute of Indian Geographers. All rights reserved.
Assessment of Existing Himalayan Glacier Inventories for Glacier Studies: A Case Study from the Ravi Basin of North-Western Himalaya (India)
(Springer International Publishing, 2023-03-10T00:00:00) Ahmed, Ishtiaq; Sharma, Vikram; Kumar, Rinku; Lal, Devi; Bhandari, Rajan; Chand, Pritam
Outside of the polar regions, the Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalaya (HKH) has the highest cluster of snow cover and glaciers, which offer various ecosystem services, including water, to the billions of people who live across this region. A glacier inventory is a vital prerequisite for researching a wide range of diverse phenomena, processes, and effects of such glacier changes across these regions. In recent years, several glacier inventories are available for the HKH region, namely, the Geological Survey of India (GSI) Glacier Inventory, the Space Application Center (SAC) Glacier Inventory, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) Glacier Inventory, Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI), and Glacier Area Mapping for Discharge from the Asian Mountains (GAMDAM) Glacier Inventory (GGI). Prior to being used for any glacier investigations, it�s critical to evaluate the quality and consistency of these inventory datasets. Thus, the current study provides a detailed quality assessment of all these available glacier inventories by comparing them with the detailed Ravi basin glacier inventory (RBGI). The comprehensive RBGI was created using the Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) images (2002) with a supplement of medium- to high-resolution imagery and field validations. The RBGI consists of 285 glaciers in 2002 with a mapped area of 164.5 � 7.5 km2. There are 71 glaciers out of the total glaciers that have debris-covered parts, which occupy 36.1 � 2.1 km2 (~22% of the whole area covered by glaciers). Large variations were found in the glacial area (ranging from 202 to 112.7 km2) and a total number of glaciers (ranging from 299 to 192) mapped within the Ravi basin among these available glacier inventories. With few spatial differences in the total number of the glacier, their extent, and median elevation, it was found that the recently updated GGI inventory, which is incorporated into the revised version of RGI V6 for the Himalayan region, is most comparable to our RBGI inventory. Likely causes of the significant difference among these inventories include standard glacier definition (minimum area of glacier mapping and headwall definition), misinterpretation of the seasonal snow cover, demarcation of debris-covered areas, and consequences of excluding glacier sections in the shaded regions. � The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.
Assessment of Ground Water Quality of Lucknow City under GIS Framework Using Water Quality Index (WQI)
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2023-08-28T00:00:00) Saqib, Nazmu; Rai, Praveen Kumar; Kanga, Shruti; Kumar, Deepak; ?urin, Bojan; Singh, Suraj Kumar
Continuous groundwater quality monitoring is crucial for ensuring safe drinking and irrigation by mitigating risks from geochemical contaminants through appropriate treatment methods. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to assess the suitability of groundwater collected from Lucknow, India, for both drinking and irrigation. Forty samples were collected from different sites within the study area to evaluate groundwater quality. Various parameters such as pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), chlorides ((Formula presented.)), total alkalinity, total hardness, sulphate ((Formula presented.)), nitrate ((Formula presented.)), fluorides ((Formula presented.)), iron (Fe), arsenic (As), magnesium ((Formula presented.)), and calcium ((Formula presented.)) were analyzed. The weighted arithmetic water quality index (WAWQI), a vital rating system representing overall water quality, was employed to classify the water into different categories, such as very good, good, moderate, poor, and unfit for drinking. This classification is invaluable for public awareness and decision-making to make informed decisions regarding effective management, treatment, and sustainable societal development on a broader scale. A correlation matrix was generated and analyzed to observe correlations between the various parameters. Additionally, spatial distribution maps for the analyzed parameters and WQI were prepared using the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method. The study found that WQI values in the area ranged from 2.64 to 168.68, indicating good water quality in most places except for the Kukrail region, where the water quality is unfit for drinking purposes. The water quality map shows that 86% of the area falls under the very good category, 14.63% under good to moderate quality, and 0.37% is categorized as unfit for drinking. Consequently, the findings suggest that the groundwater in the studied area is safe and suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. � 2023 by the authors.
Assessment of groundwater potential modeling using support vector machine optimization based on Bayesian multi-objective hyperparameter algorithm
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022-11-25T00:00:00) Anh, Duong Tran; Pandey, Manish; Mishra, Varun Narayan; Singh, Kiran Kumari; Ahmadi, Kourosh; Janizadeh, Saeid; Tran, Thanh Thai; Linh, Nguyen Thi Thuy; Dang, Nguyen Mai
Today, water supply in order to achieve sustainable development goals is one of the most important concerns and challenges in most countries. For this reason, accurate identification of areas with groundwater potential is one of the important tools in the protection, management and exploitation of water resources. Accordingly, the present study was conducted with the aim of modeling and predicting groundwater potential in Markazi province, Iran using Multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) and Support vector machine (SVM) machine learning models and using two random search (RS) and Bayesian optimization hyperparameter algorithms to optimize the parameters of the SVM model. For this purpose, 18 variables affecting the groundwater potential and 3482 spring locations were used to model the groundwater potential. Data for modeling were divided into two categories of training (70%) and validation (30%). The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were used to evaluate the performance of the models. The results of evaluation models showed that using hyperparameters random search and Bayesian optimization were improved SVM accuracy in training and validation stages. Bayesian optimization methods are very efficient because they are consciously choosing the parameters of the model that this strategy improves the performance of the model. Evaluating accuracy in the validation stage showed that the AUC value is for MARS, SVM, RS-SVM and B-SVM models 87.40%, 88.25%, 90.73% and 91.73%, respectively. The results of assessment variables importance showed elevation, precipitation in the coldest month, soil and slope variables have the most importance in modeling groundwater potential, while aspect, profile curvature and TWI variables, have the least importance in predicting groundwater potential in Markazi province. � 2022 Elsevier B.V.
Assessment of surface water and groundwater interaction using hydrogeology, hydrochemical and isotopic constituents in the Imphal river basin, Northeast India
(Elsevier, 2020) Kshetrimayum, K.S; Laishram, P.
The surface water and groundwater interaction in the Imphal River Basin in Northeast India using hydrogeology, hydrochemical and isotopic constituents has examined to elucidate hydrochemical evolution, surface water and groundwater mixing and recharge condition. Groundwater is characterized by Ca2+Cl - HCO3 -facies while surface water exhibits Ca2+ Cl- type. Surface water prevailed the intermediate stage of chemical evolution while groundwater characterizes the late stage of chemical evolution. Analysis of flow net combined with hydrogeologic sections revealed significant relationship of surface water and groundwater in the basin. The upper and lower reaches are characterized by contour heads showing an upstream pointing curvature due to depression induced by groundwater discharge where contour lines cross a gaining stream. The middle reach is marked by contour curvature pointing downstream owing to mounding induced by groundwater recharge where it crosses a losing stream. Groundwater shows markedly depleted isotopic composition than surface water. Both surface water and groundwater fall below Global Meteoric Water Line and Local Meteoric Water Line indicating the source of water through infiltratio,n of modern precipitation. The slope of the evaporation line and the original composition of water are identified as 4.92 and 􀀀6.58‰ and 􀀀42.17‰, respectively. Isotopic d-excess values revealed isotopic composition of semi-arid climate. 2020 Elsevier B.V.
Assessment of Urban Sprawl in Bathinda City, India
(Elsevier, 2018) LTS Guite
Urban sprawl denotes expansion of human population away from the central urban areas into low-density areas that are mostly car dependent communities. The exact definition of urban sprawl differs among researchers as the term lacks precision and sometime have negative connotation. While urban sprawl appears to be inevitable phenomena (Buzbee, 2000), it is criticized for causing environmental degradation (Seto et al., 2011, Wilson and Chakraborty, 2013) and undermining of existing urban areas as the margin expands. Batty, Besussi, and Chin (2003) defines sprawl as, “uncoordinated growth: the expansion of community without concern for its consequences in short unplanned, incremental urban growth which is often regarded as unsustainable”. In India, the unprecedented population growth and migration results in urban sprawl where the urban fringe towns and cities cope up with changing land use along the highways and in the immediate vicinity of the city for better space. Due to which, the dispersed development takes place, outside the compact urban and village, along highways and rural countryside (Theobald, 2001) and this growth of built ups outside the urban margins are termed as urban sprawl. Bhatta et al. (2010) argues, despite the dispute over a precise definition of sprawl, the general consensus of urban sprawl is characterized by “unplanned and uneven pattern of growth, driven by multitude of processes and leading to inefficient resource utilization”. Therefore, the methods of identifying urban sprawl is important in delineating the term from sub-urbanization using indicators (Ewing, 1997) rather than characteristics, as it is more flexible and less arbitrary. Five indicators (Hasse & Lathrop, 2003) proposed to examine the per capita consumption of land associated to sprawl includes: (1) density of new urbanization; (2) loss of prime farmland; (3) loss of natural wetlands; (4) loss of core forest habitat; and (5) increase of impervious surface. As in late 20th century, strong sentiment against urban sprawl has developed in the United States (Brueckner, 2000) that includes a lot of critics, alleging that excessive urban expansion have encroached farm land and open space. In western countries, urban sprawl is the consequence of suburbanization, and urban sprawl means excessive suburbanization (Mills, 2003) resulting into argument that urban sprawl is used synonymous with suburbanization in a pejorative way.
Assessment of urban sprawl in Bathinda city, India
(Elsevier B.V., 2019) Guite L.T.S.
Interaction between space and time is well documented in the study of urban sprawl, where expansion of urban margins becomes the outcome of changing functionality of space within the given time frame. While urban sprawl becomes inevitable phenomena, the paper seeks to identify the role of population growth and sectors of working population that contributed to the sprawl in Bathinda city, Punjab. In this regards, Reilly's law of retail gravitation is analyzed for spatial expansion of built up areas. Using remote sensing and GIS (Geographical Information System) as a platform for creating land use land cover changes from Landsat images reveals the change matrix for the different land use classification. Thus, readdressing urban sprawl as an outcome of increasing retail sector is an interesting finding that perhaps would further enhances knowledge in urban research.
Building Extraction of Kolkata Metropolitan Area Using Machine Learning and Earth Observation Datasets
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023-05-23T00:00:00) Barman, Prosenjit; Mustak, Sk.
Rural-to-urban migration and increasing population has created urban agglomeration, particularly in metropolitan cities. This agglomeration creates pressure on cities which interrupts the city to become sustainable. Evaluation of the pattern of urban growth pattern is a crucial task for a city�s long-term development. The building footprint is one of the most important features of a city form to support urban management and development. Previous studies show that high-resolution images are robust to extract building footprints using machine learning algorithms. The main objective of this study is to extract the building footprint from the satellite imagery using machine learning algorithms. In this study, Sentinel-2 multispectral satellite imagery and support vector machine (SVM) linear and radial basis function (RBF) have been used to extract the building footprints in Kolkata metropolitan area. In addition, both pixel-based and object-based image classification approaches have been applied and compared in this study. This result shows that in pixel-based image classification SVM linear gives a high accuracy than the SVM RBF. The accuracy level of SVM linear is 92.58% while Kappa is 0.89. On the other hand, object-based image analysis LULC classification has been done using the SVM ML algorithm. In this image classification, the SVM RBF kernel type gives high accuracy. The overall accuracy of this OBIA image classification is 91.58% and the Kappa is 0.87. For the building extraction in an urban area from the medium-resolution image Sentinel 2 using a machine learning algorithm with high accuracy gives a significant approach. Policymakers and planners can develop the city sustainably from this building footprint in an urban region and use sustainable urban planning to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal. � 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Cellular Automata-Based Artificial Neural Network Model for Assessing Past, Present, and Future Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics
(MDPI, 2022-11-08T00:00:00) Sajan, Bhartendu; Mishra, Varun Narayan; Kanga, Shruti; Meraj, Gowhar; Singh, Suraj Kumar; Kumar, Pankaj
Land use and land cover change (LULCC) is among the most apparent natural landscape processes impacted by anthropogenic activities, particularly in fast-growing regions. In India, at present, due to the impacts of anthropogenic climate change, supplemented by the fast pace of developmental activities, the areas providing the highest agricultural yields are facing the threat of either extinction or change in land use. This study assesses the LULCC in the fastest-changing landscape region of the Indian state of Bihar, District Muzaffarpur. This district is known for its litchi cultivation, which, over the last few years, has been observed to be increasing in acreage at the behest of a decrease in natural vegetation. In this study, we aim to assess the past, present and future changes in LULC of the Muzaffarpur district using support vector classification and CA-ANN (cellular automata-artificial neural network) algorithms. For assessing the present and past LULC of the study area, we used Landsat Satellite data for 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020. It was observed that between 1990 and 2020, the area under vegetation, wetlands, water body, and fallow land decreased by 44.28%, 34.82%, 25.56%, and 5.63%, respectively. At the same time, the area under built-up, litchi plantation, and cropland increased by 1451.30%, 181.91%, and 5.66%, respectively. Extensive ground truthing was carried out to assess the accuracy of the LULC for 2020, whereas historical google earth images were used for 1990, 2000, and 2010, through the use of overall accuracy and kappa coefficient indices. The kappa coefficients for the final LULC for the years 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 were 0.79, 0.75, 0.87, and 0.85, respectively. For forecasting the future LULC, first, the LULC of 1990 and 2010 were used to predict the landscape for 2020 using the CA-ANN model. After calibrating and validating the CA-ANN outputs, LULC for 2030 and 2050 were generated. The generated future LULC scenarios were validated using kappa index statistics by comparing the forecast outcomes with the original LULC data for 2020. It was observed that in both 2030 and 2050, built-up and vegetation would be the major transitioning LULC. In 2030 and 2050, built-up will increase by 13.15% and 108.69%, respectively, compared to its area in 2020; whereas vegetation is expected to decrease by 14.30% in 2030 and 32.84% in 2050 compared to its area in 2020. Overall, this study depicted a decline in the natural landscape and a sudden increase in the built-up and cash-crop area. If such trends continue, the future scenario of LULC will also demonstrate the same pattern. This study will help formulate better land use management policy in the study area, and the overall state of Bihar, which is considered to be the poorest state of India and the most vulnerable to natural calamities. It also demonstrates the ability of the CA-ANN model to forecast future events and comprehend spatiotemporal LULC dynamics. � 2022 by the authors.
Characteristics of surge-type tributary glaciers, Karakoram
(Elsevier B.V., 2022-02-10T00:00:00) Bhambri, Rakesh; Hewitt, Kenneth; Haritashya, Umesh K.; Chand, Pritam; Kumar, Amit; Verma, Akshaya; Tiwari, Sameer Kumar; Rai, Santosh Kumar
The Karakoram has a large concentration of surge-type glaciers, including 69 tributary glaciers, compared to 152 surge-type main or trunk glaciers. The paper addresses the interactions between tributary and trunk glaciers using digital elevation models (DEMs), surface displacement, field and archival reports. In particular, it explores the behavior and impacts of 13 tributary glacier surges on three trunk glaciers, namely the Hispar, Braldu and Panmah. Observations include five surge tributaries of Panmah, five of Braldu, and three of Hispar. We observed ASTER DEMs can help in some cases to detect surge signature where automated surface displacement does not detect the surge. We also observed substantial differences in surge dimensions, timing and histories of the main trunk glacier and their tributaries. East Braldu III tributary surged between 2000 and 2003, whereas East Braldu IV surged from 2003 to 2006, but in these periods, no other tributary shows surge signature. Between 2013 and 2016, Braldu trunk Glacier surged along with four tributaries out of five except West Braldu I. Volumes and geometry of ice transferred from tributary to trunk glaciers are unique to each case, but the surging ice melted rapidly in about 2 to 4 years for some cases such as Little Skamri and Drenmang. The tributary ice modified all studied trunk glacier dynamics, morphology, distribution of debris and hypsography. The ice transferred from tributaries such as Little Skamri and Drenmang blocked the flow of trunk Nobande Sobonde Glacier from 2004 to 2006. Such ice transfer by surge tributaries to the main trunk glacier is referred here as surge-modified ice. It introduces indirect and post-surge effects and complicates or delay in tracking glacier responses to climate change. Also, mass balance in surge-type and surge-modified glaciers differ from systematic direct responses to climate in non-surge-type glaciers. Therefore, more research and monitoring are required to address the distinct responses of such glaciers and individual tributaries to better understand the heterogeneity of surging glaciers in Karakoram. � 2022 Elsevier B.V.
Climate Change Adaptation, Risk Management and Sustainable Practices in the Himalaya
(Springer International Publishing, 2023-03-10T00:00:00) Sharma, Sanjeev; Kuniyal, Jagdish Chandra; Chand, Pritam; Singh, Pardeep
This volume analyzes ecological and socio-economic risks due to climate change in the Himalayan mountain ecosystems, communities, and proposes adaptation strategies and sustainability practices. In order to better understand the potential actions required to improve natural resource conservation and the development of mountain people's livelihoods. The authors discuss the current status of local knowledge system on various environmental aspects of conservation and sustainable use of mountain resources in the Himalaya. The book addresses the institutional capacities, gaps, and priority areas of capacity building to strengthen policies and governance in regard to climate change, landuse management, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable management in the Himalayan region. The aim of this book is to enhance coordination building among policymakers, planners, mountain communities to foster collaboration between different stakeholders by understanding local perceptions of climate change as well as variability issues, and establishing adaptation strategies to cope with these impacts. The chapters incorporate theoretical and applied aspects, and may serve as baseline information for the sustainability of mountain ecosystems through the contribution of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary expertise from the Himalayan region. The book will be useful for students, teachers, and researchers working in different areas pertaining to mountain ecosystems, as well as policymakers and planners working on issues related to the sustainability of the mountain ecosystem. � The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.
Contextualizing the lake ecosystem syndromes and research development activities in Chilika Lake (Odisha coast, India): a bibliometric overview (1970�2021)
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2023-05-25T00:00:00) Acharyya, Tamoghna; Sudarsan, Desul; Mishra, Manoranjan; Santos, Celso Augusto Guimar�es; Chand, Pritam; da Silva, Richarde Marques; Pradhan, Subhasis
Chilika Lagoon is traditionally known as a productive study site for various areas of knowledge. It is also well-known for its successful ecological restoration in 2000, following ecological degradation due to siltation and proliferation of weeds in the 1980s and 1990s. Since then, Chilika Lagoon has been facing various coastal syndromes that are likely to worsen due to climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressure on its waters and catchment area. This study analyzed bibliometric data from the Scopus database over the past five decades (1970?2021) to understand the ever-evolving publication pattern and research domains in Chilika Lagoon. A total of 457 records were selected for the analyzed period, with contributions from 944 authors, primarily in peer-reviewed journal articles (86%). Although the number of publications and citations is increasing, as expected, there is minimal international collaboration. An interesting pattern was found in�publication and research themes, correlating with the evolving history of lagoon management and governance. The establishment of the Wetland Research and Training Centre led to a surge in research publications from 2002 onwards. However, a mismatch appears to exist�between the research scope and publication records, as evidenced by the mere 11 seagrass-related records in Scopus, even though Chilika Lagoon hosts the second-largest seagrass patch in India. Simultaneously, there is a lack of research addressing the real-world challenges faced by the local people who depend on Chilika Lagoon for their livelihoods. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. � 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.
Correlation Between Volumetric Loading Rate and Removal Efficiency of Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand for Waste Water Treatment by Improved Bio-tower Technology in Ganga River Basin (India)
(Springer International Publishing, 2023-05-19T00:00:00) Singh, Ankit; Singh, Anju; Karwariya, Sateesh; Pandey, Govind; Kanga, Shruti; Singh, Suraj Kumar
The most often utilised parameters for the characterisation of wastewaters are biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Both parameters have advantages and disadvantages, and the choice is usually based on several factors, such as the amount of time it takes to determine each. To aid in the design and operation of wastewater treatment facilities, it is necessary to obtain a connection between BOD and COD for various wastewater treatment plants. The volumetric loading rate and removal effectiveness of BOD and COD of two wastew-ater treatment plants were compared in this article. The WWTPs chosen encompassed various areas of Prayagraj, located on the Ganga River. The association between BOD and COD discovered will aid in evaluating treatment processes. � The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.