Department Of Geography

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Microfossil Assemblage from Dhok Pathan Formation (Middle Siwaliks) exposed near Polian Prohita, Una District, Himachal Pradesh, India
(The Society of Earth Scientists, 2015) Sharma, K. Milankumar; Singh, Shyam Sundar; P.V., Vipina
The Fluvial molassic sediments of Middle Siwalik which is considered to be deposited within the time range from 10.1-5.1 Ma holds a long record of the provenance and palaeoenvironmental history of Siwalik foreland basin. A mudstone bed of Dhok Pathan Formation exposed near Polian Prohita, Una district, Himachal Pradesh has yielded a diverse fossil assemblage. The present assemblage include mollusks Parreysia sp., Lamillidens sp., Melanoides sp. and Gyraulus sp. The charophytes include Chara globularis globularis, Chara globularis aspera, Chara sp. indet, Lychnothamus breviovatus and Lamprothamnium papulosum. Ostracodes Stenocypris sp. and Candona sp. have also been reported here. Fish teeth of certain morphotypes belonging to the Channidae and Cyprinidae families were also recorded. The majority of the fossil assemblage suggested that a warm tropical to subtropical humid climatic condition was prevailing during the deposition of these sediments. As this fossil assemblage is found restricted to a particular mudstone bed it can be inferred that there existed a localized swampy to overbank pond environment in within the braided river system deposits of Dhok Pathan Formation.
Phytosaurian Osteoderms From The Late Triassic Tiki Formation (Shahdol District, Madhya Pradesh), India
(The Palaeontological Society of India, 2015) Sharma, K. Milankumar; Kumar, Jitendra
The Late Triassic fossiliferous deposits of the Tiki Fomation of the South Rewa Gondwana Basin of India, is well known for its vertebrate fossil assemblages including temnospondyl tetrapods, archosauroform rhynchosaur, and several crurotarsans such as phytosaurs and rauisuchids. The present paper describes some phytosaurid osteoderm remains for the ?rst time from the Tiki Formation. These osteoderms are found together with phytosaurian teeth, jaw and vertebrae. On the basis of their texture, shape, size, morphology and association with phytosaurian remains, the present specimens have been assigned to phytosaurids
Mapping Of Urban Green Spaces Using Remote Sensing Technique: A Study Of Cities Of Punjab
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Kaur, Mandeep; Singh, Kiran K.
Urban green spaces are important part of urban areas for good/fresh environment. These spaces are helpful in controlling and reducing the pollution and the temperature. These urban spaces provide a variety of services like biodiversity conservation, noise reduction, mitigation of urban heat island effect, prevention of soil erosion and carbon sequestration. Due to increasing urbanization, the quantity and quality of urban green spaces are degraded. So urban authorities are concerned about the management of green areas in the cities. Mapping of vegetation and green spaces play an important role to conserve the environment and sustainable environment in urban areas for authorities. In the study, the remote sensing is used for the mapping the urban green areas. This study probes the vegetation change detection in the four cities of Punjab over the period of 17 years from 2000 to 2017 based on NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) by using remote sensing images of Landsat 7 and Sentinel 2 data.
Study Of Microfossils (Foraminifers) From The Khari Nadi Formation Of Jangadia Section Kutch: Palaeoenvironmental Implication
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Haobijam, Johnson; Sharma, K. Milankumar
The study area lies in the Kutch of Gujarat which is western most part of the Indian subcontinent. This dissertation attempts to study the systematic palaentology of the foraminifera and palaeoenvironment of the Khari Nadi formation of Jangadia section of lower Miocene time. After the thorough study and taking photograph by using trinocular sterozoom microscope nearly 160 specimen are found and most of them are benthic foraminifera and only few of them are planktonic. The benthic foraminifera is best to study the palaeoenvironment of the particular area. The specimen Elphidium are found at the lagoonal environment. Quinqueloculina and triloculina are found in the nearshore environment. Nonion and Nonionella are found in the outerself environment. So, the Khari Nadi formation of Jhangadia section was lagoonal to upperslope environment during the time of lower Miocene which the was slowly transgressive over a stable shelf
Analysis Of Land-Use Land-Cover Change In Rajouri District, Jammu And Kashmir
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Ahmed, Ishtiaq; Guite,L.T. Sasang
An attempt was made in this study to detect the land use and land cover changes in Rajouri district of J&K during the period from November 2008 to December 2016. The LULC change over a span of 08 years (2008-2016) was investigated through remote sensing approach using two different time satellite images. Supervised classification in GIS software has been adopted in LISS-III (2008) and Landsat-8 (2016) images of the study area. To identify LULC changes from these pictures, post classification are used. The findings of Land-use Land-cover change shown that the study has experienced a decrease in forests by 6 percent and with an increase in agricultural land and open fields and settlement areas during the study period. These amendments in the land-use and land cover of the study area convey us that this change is due to rising anthropogenic burden on forests and high level of deforestation is responsible. Nonstop assessments of land-use/land-covers changes in this city and the implementation of proper land use planning are mandatory for ideal and systematic development.
Analysing The Impact Of Sand Mining On The Flow Of Tawi River, Jammu And Kashmir
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Salgotra, Vishabh; GUITE, L.T. SASANG
The river Tawi in Jammu and Kashmir faces indiscriminate sand mining practice where large amount of sand is being mined from the river bed between Nagrota and Sidhra area. The increasing pace of urbanization and associated developments in Jammu City and nearby areas are responsible for this practice. The mining activity in Tawi river involves massive digging of river bed materials upto 3-4 mts depth with the help of heavy duty excavators used by the mining contractors, whereas, the Geology and Mining Department gave the permission to extract the materials up to 3 mts depth. Moreover, the sand mining has impacted the flow of river Tawi particularly between Nagrota and Sidhra. In this study, the locations of sand mining sites in Tawi river between Nagrota and Sidhra are mapped from 2007 to 2018 and an attempt made to analyse the possible impact of sand mining on the flow of river. The mapping is done by using GIS technique and a field visit is also carried out for acquiring the coordinates and photographs of present sand mining sites in river Tawi
Geochemistry Of Proglacial Lake Deposits Of Upper Alaknanda Basin
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Ali, Yousuf; Pattanaik K, Jitendra
Many researchers have recorded climatic upheaval in the Himalaya during the Late Quaternary. The chemical weathering in the Upper Alaknanda basin has changed during the glacial and interglacial period. Different sediment archives such as pro-glacial deposits and terrace deposits act as repository to understand the paleo-weathering intensity of the sediment.In this study geochemistry of sediments of pro-glacial lake deposits found in the Badirinath valley of upper Alaknanda basin was carried out to understand the paleo-climate of the study area by identifying the clay minerals, intensity of chemical weathering and to estimate the distance travelled from the source. The lake deposits are thinly laminated and lack boulder and pebble layers. Sediment deposits at the right bank of Alaknanda River near Bamini village are more likely lake deposits as compare to left bank deposits which is terrace. By clay mineral identification, it is concluded that the paleo-climate of the pro-glacial lake deposits were cold and is deposited during glacial period. XRF analysis in terms of CIA calculation, A-CN-K plot and A-CNK-FM plot suggests that there is low degree of chemical weathering occurred in the study area. The percentage of clay silt fractionation calculation by gravity setting method conforms that the sediment were not travelled far from their source.
Urban Green Space And Question Of Distributive Justice: A Study Of Cities Of Punjab Using Geo-Spatial Approach
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Kaur, Navjotpreet; Singh, Kiran K.
Urban green parks play vital role in providing fresh and healthy environment in urban areas. But conspicuous problem remains in unequal distribution of parks. This problem raises various questions. One of them is distributive justice. This study was conducted for four major cities of Punjab: Ludhiana, Bathinda, Amritsar and Chandigarh, to check the location of parks and slums in these cities to look into the problem of distributive justice. In study, the buffer analysis is used to know the serving area of parks and to represent over-served, served and un-served area of parks. GIS (Geographical Information System) is used to derive the serving area of parks. The result shows that major concentration of parks is in exclusive areas in these cities like elite class residential localities. It also highlights that most of the parks are far away from the slum areas. The study also shows that well planned areas have the high facility of parks than others. Overall, these findings help in underscoring the problem of distributive justice in allocating parks in urban areas.
Urban green space availability in Bathinda City, India
(Springer International Publishing, 2018) Singh K.K.
This paper aims to investigate and map the spatial distribution of urban green spaces (UGSs) in Bathinda City, India. Since urban green spaces affect the quality of life and provide various ecological, socio-cultural and economic benefits to a city, the spatial distribution of UGSs and per capita availability deserve greater consideration in urban planning and research. The UGSs are extracted from freely available Sentinel 2 image with spatial resolutions of 10 m (blue, green, red, and near infrared bands). The result indicates that the planned urban setups have higher area under UGSs as compared to the rest of the city. Analysis and intra-city comparison (ward wise) of distribution of green spaces and per capita availability indicate that there is an inequitable distribution of UGSs in Bathinda City. The study also attempts to accentuate the scope of green initiatives in the various wards of the city to ensure the well-being of people.
Impact of Human Elephant Conflict on People's Wellbeing in West Bengal
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Dattusalia, Akash; GUITE, L.T. SASANG
One of the major issues in wildlife management is Human-Wildlife conflict. Over the last two decades, the problem has only increased because of growing population, economic activities, both in privately and publicly run. Often these activities lack inter-departmental co-ordination or advanced planning. Environmental Impact Assessment are either not carried out or executed effectively. West Bengal, has to its strategic geographical location in the terms of biodiversity, it acts as inter-state and inter-country elephant corridors at several places, both at south Bengal and at North Bengal. The current study focus upon Human-Elephant Conflict in North and South West Bengal (mainly on Doors-Terai and Purulia, Bankura and West Midnapore) which are being experienced with increased intensity because of several development activities which are being executed with little attention for the region's legacy as a richly biodiverse zone. The study looks into factors which cause harm to peoples and Elephants life. The migration of herds from Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, situated in the State of Jharkhand started migrating to Jhargram Division in the state of West Bengal; chequered pattern of land distribution in the region where tea gardens, human settlements and forests are knitted with each other.
Mapping of Surface Water Bodies in Punjab and High Resolution of Remote Sensing Data
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Ahmed, Mukhtar; Singh, Kiran K.
This study is an attempt to create boundary of Punjab state and surface water bodies map from NATMO atlas map, SOI map, Landsat-8 data and Google Earth image using GIS software. It has also compared the variation in status which is extracted from the data or image of various scale or resolution. According to NATMO data, the water bodies in Punjab are 1476. 109km2 (excluding canals), according to Landsat-8 are 2844.55 km2 (including canals), according to SOI are 764.93 km2 and according to Google earth are 141.06 km2. Variation in the status of the area and length of surface water bodies is due to the scale and resolution of images. High resolution image is capable of creating precise boundaries. The purpose of this study was to create precise boundaries of the state and water bodies. Management of water bodies calls for generation of multiple inventories and demarcation of precise boundary is one of the inventories. This study also suggests the Map making organisations to revise their maps by using recent geospatial technologies.
Genesis, Morphology And Geochemistry Of Calcretes Formed In Stabilised Sand Dunes Of Bathinda and Rajasthan
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Pati, Adarsharanjan; Pattanaik Kumar Jitendra
Ground water level and chemistry, rain fall intensity, climate type, supply of wind borne dust rich in calcium carbonate influences the formation of calcretes in dune profiles. Study of calcrete will help to understand the paleoclimate, vegetation and provenance of sediments where it developed. In this study calcretes were collected from Bathinda and Rajasthan. Morphological types, size measurement, CaCO3 percentage, mineralogical and geochemical analysis were investigated on the calcrete sample. Result shows calcite, quartz, and anorthite are major mineral phases found in the calcretes. A majority of the samples are tubular types (both having hollows i.e. rhizoliths and as well as no hollows). Indurated to very soft type calcrtes also found in these areas. CaCO3 percentage in the calcretes is higher than the dune sediments. SEM and EDX data says that the cementing materials are calcites and the grains are quartz along with some clay fractions. Two types of calcite cement, micritic and sparitic are are observed. Geochemical analysis suggest that the trace elements such as Co, Ni, As, Th and U show positive correlation with CaCO3 percentage.
Paleoclimate And Paleoenvironment Analysis Of Panchet Formation Of Damodar Basin, India Using Xrd Analysis
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Boral, Nandan; Sharma, K Milankumar
The bulk rock geochemistry of 14 samples collected from the Asansol district, West Bengal, India, from the Northern bank of the river Damodar were analysed using XRD. The studied area belongs to the Panchet Formation of Lower Triassic age of Lower Gondwana group of rocks. The major analysis has been done using the clay mineralogy. These data enables to reconstruct the ancient environmental and climatic condition during the deposition. Samples were dried in an oven up to 65°c temperature for a week and grinded to finest level in Retch RS200.Raw XRD data receive were analysed in X'Pert high software. SEM samples were prepared by disintegrating sandstone with Hydrogen peroxide. Equal sized quartz grains were analyzed under Carl Zeiss Merlin Compact 6073 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope and their surface textures observed. Three major clays (Smectite, Illite and Kaolinite) have been identified for the correlation with different sections. The percentage of these three clays calculated manually. Presence of high Smectite with Kaolinite indicates warm humid environment of formation, with rainfall ranging from 50-150 cm, higher amount of Smectite over Kaolinite indicates variation in seasonality during the deposition.
Towards Sustainable Development goals and Environment Stewardship through Geography Education
(DTE, NCERT, 2018) Singh, K.K.
Geochemical, Textural And Mineralogical Analysis Of Aeolian Sediments
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Rout, Ujjwala; Pattanaik Kumar Jitendra
Geochemical characteristics of sediments of sand dune will control the quality of shallow ground water and soil type and its composition. In this study sediments from stabilized sand dunes found in in the area of Bathinda and Sikar Region were investigated. With time and change of climatic condition pedogenesis process will be active on the stabilized sand dunes. Aeolian sediments of stabilized sand dunes provides clue to understand the paleoclimate, paleo-vegetation, paleo-wind flow direction of these area.Grain Size Distribution and mineralogical analysis of the sediments helps to understand the depositional environment and energy condition of that area, degree physical and chemical weathering and transportation history.In the present study textural and mineralogical analysis of Aeolian sands was carried out to find out the chemical weathering intensity of that area and depositional environment of the sediments. The sediments of Bathinda andSikar regions are texturally very fine sand. The Sikar regions are unimodal with fine grain size, whereas in Bathinda few samples shows bimodal. Based on various discrimination plots it is infer that the sediments are deposited in the quite aeolian environmentwith low active energy condition. Presence of calcrete and clay minerals indicate dunes were stabilized and pedogenesis process were active in the sand dunes. Maximum carbonate percentage is observed from the Loc S. Bulk geochemistry indicates the SiO2 percentage varies from 58 to 64%. The maximum CIA value of 83 was observed in the Loc C samples. A-CN-K and A-CNK-FM ternary plot shows maximum samples are low to moderately weathered and trending towards Al2O3 apex.
Mineralogical And Geochemical Studies Onbed Load Sediments Of Gumani River "Implications For Provenance And Weathering Processes"
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Bej, Binaya; K Pattanaik, Jitendra
Geochemical and mineralogical study of bed load sediments will help to understand the weathering process, the intensity of weathering and the denudation in various environmental conditions, origin, mode of occurrence, biological and physic-chemical processes, mobilization and transport of various elements. River draining a single lithology helps to study above parameter of the catchment area. So here GumaniriverdrainingRajmahal basalt was selected as there is no report or literature available from this catchment to understand the weathering process in its water shade. The mineral compositions of the river bed load sediments from different locations shows quartz, calcic plagioclase, clinoenstatite clay minerals such as gibbsite, kaolinite, illite, goethite and clay micas, are dominating mineral phases. Clay mineral percentage is higher in the upper reaches compare to thelower reach of the river. Clay mineral gibbsite and kaoline indicate the removal of silica is higher in the upper reach and shows kaolintization, lateritization and upto some degree of Bauxitization process is active in the upper reach. CIA value, A-CN-K, A-CNK-FM ternary diagram indicate the intensity of weathering is moderate to high at different location. The index of lateritization shows clear indication of kaolintization?lateritization?Bauxitization process.
Paleoclimatic and Environmental Interpretation using Clay Mineralogy and Surface Textural Analysis of Quartz Grains from Miocene deposits of Tapar, Kutch, Gujarat
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Mahmud, Hassan; Sharma, Milankumar
The Tapar area situated in Kutch district of Gujarat is exposed of the miocene deposit. Extensive work has been done on Kutch basin on paleontological aspects but very less on sedimentological aspect. Clay assemblages is a great tool to understand the paleoclimate and environment of deposition. The study of the clay assemblages in the area show a higher amount of kaolinite and very less amount of dickite assemblages with negligible amount of Vermiculite and clinochlore indicating a tropical climate. Quartz being highly resistive mineral can withstand normal chemical weathering and physical weathering. Surface textural study of quartz grains indicates towards fluvial condition
Microstructral Analysis Of Mammalian Teeth Enamel From Kutch And Siwalik Basin
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Gogoi, Bikashit; Sharma, K Milankumar
The studies area is lies along the western most part of the Indian sub-continent between, the latitude of 23.13°-24.68° N and longitude 68.10°-71.80° E, which is pre cratonic, is preserving almost a complete sequence of sedimentary deposits ranging in age from Triassic to Recent. This dissertation attempts to study the microstructural analysis of tooth’s enamel of mammals of dinotherium, gompotherium, hipparion, rhino from Miocene deposit of Kutch basin Dental materials of deinotherium, gompotherium, hipparion, rhino of Kutch basin was collected and sampled for comprehensive analysis of the microstructure of the enamel. Microstructural features of the mammalian tooth enamel used for taxonomical identification of the analysed sample. I investigated the deinotheirum, Gompotheriidae, Rhinoceritidae, hipparion. Microstructures can be analysed by the stacking pattern of the prisms, different species belonging to different family shows different types of stacking pattern called HSB. The results obtained from study of the SEM images suggest that different species of different family show different enamel prism pattern. Apart from taxonomical identification of the studied sample one can also find out dietary habits, palaeo-environment and how substances with high hardness can be chewed and grinded by enamel which is of less hardness.
Lithostratigraphy, trace fossils and palaeoenvironment of Paleogene sequences in Parwanoo-Subathu sector of Himachal Himalaya, India
(Geological Society of India, 2018) Singh, Ram Jivan; Sharma, K. Milankumar; Kumar, Pankaj; Ghosh, T.
The Paleogene belt of the Outer Himalaya in the Shimla Hills is represented by the Paleocene to Lower Miocene ma-rine to ?uvial rocks of the Sirmur Group which is divisible into the Subathu, Dagshai and Kasauli formations in younging order in Parwanoo-Subathu area of the Himachal Pradesh, India. The shallow marine fossil bearing Subathu Formation overlies the various Proterozoic lithostratigraphic units like the Simla Group, Krol Group, Baliana Group, Shali Group/Deoban Group and others with an unconformable contact marked by a thin layer of oxidized and ferruginised laterite, indicating prevalence of warm tropical climate before deposition of these shallow transgressive marine rocks. The Subathu Formation grades upward into ?uvial deposits,compris-ing an alternate sequence of reddish-purple mudstone and ?ne to medium grained, reddish-brown sandstone of the Dagshai Formation along with multiple palaeosol horizons. The rocks of the Dagshai Formation are further gradationally overlain by the plant fossil bear-ing ?uvial sequence of medium to coarse grained, massive, multistory, greenish-grey micaceous sandstone and minor grey-orange mudstone of the Kasauli Formation. In response to southward leading deformation front of the Himalayan orogeny, due to collision tectonics of the Indian and Eurasian plates, the para-autochthonous Paleogene fold-thrust belt exposed between the northerly dipping Main Boundary Thrust (MBT)/Krol Thrust in north and the Main Boundary Fault (MBF) in the south shows repetition of some forma-tions of the Sirmur Group along Parwanoo-Darampur-Barog-Subathu section of the Himachal Himalaya. The abundance of vertical and cylindrical burrows of Skolithos linearis, S. annulatus, S. ingen, S. bulbus, Ophiomorpha esp., Thallasinoides paradoxides, etc. within the upper part of the Subathu Formation suggest lower intertidal to subtidal environment. This ichnofossil assemblage along with Skolithos-Thallasinoids-Ophiomorpha represent littoral zone, intertidal to subtidal environment of deposition
Microstructure Analysis Of Miocene Shark Teeth Of Baripada Beds, Odisha, India
(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Gogoi, Bikash Jyoti; Sharma, K Milankumar
The present study focuses on the microstructures of Miocene shark teeth of different taxa. For this, samples have been collected from Baripada area, along the river Burhabalang, in the state of Odisha, a place which has undergone global marine transgression in the late Miocene age and yields a good and diverse assemblage of fossils. For the process of analysis, the samples have been polished with corundum powder mixed with one or two drops of water and etched with 2N HCl and acetone. Analysis has been done using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the results showed that the Chondrichthyan group of sharks has a single homogenous layer known as the Single Crystallite Enameloid (SCE), whereas the Neoselachian group of sharks are more advanced, complex and undergone evolution, comprising of a triple-layered enameloid, namely the Shiny Layer Enameloid (SLE), the Parallel Bundled Enameloid (PBE) and the Tangled Bundled Enameloid (TBE). The study is done to examine different microstructural forms and conduct comparative analysis. In this study, majority of the samples have shown to belong to the Neoselachian group, whilst the remaining few were shown to have Chondricthyan origin. The enameloid in the shark teeth is much harder than the dentin due to the presence of high mineral content and shows a more complex organisation of crystallites at the apical portion of the teeth.