Master's Dissertations

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://kr.cup.edu.in/handle/32116/156

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Synethesis and biochemical screening of novel non-purine based xanthine oxidase inhibitors
(Central University of Punjab, 2013) Kumar, Deependra; Kumar, Raj
Xanthine oxidase (XO), or xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), is a complex molybdoflavoenzyme which, in humans, is recognized as the terminal enzyme of purine catabolism, catalysing the hydroxylation of purines to uric acid, overproduction of which usually leads to a pathological condition called hyperuricemia and gout. XO inhibitors (XOI) are proved to be promising urate lowering agents. Purine based XOI (allopurinol) however, are associated with various lethal side effects like hypersensitivity syndrome (Stevens Johnson syndrome and Tissue Epidermal Necrolysis), bone marrow depression, rash etc. On the other hand non-purine based XOI (febuxostat) are found to be safer and effective antihyperuricemic and antigout agents. Present investigation describes synthesis, characterization of some non-purine based compounds and their evaluation for xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity
Anticancer potential of new n-acetyl pyrazoline derivatives of 1,3 diaryl/hetroaryl propenoes: Synethesis and evaluation
(Central University of Punjab, 2013) Alex, Jimi Martin; Kumar, Raj
Pyrazoles, categorized as nitrogen-containing heterocycles, are well known for their interminable participation in the field of perpetual research and development of therapeutical active agents. As a consequence pyrazoles became an inevitable core of numerous drugs having diverse activities. The broad spectrum of activities portrayed by the pyrazoles instigated the researchers to modify the pyrazole ring as 4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazoles commonly known as 2-pyrazolines. This modification played a determining role in defining the biological activities of several compounds. The presence of aromatic/heterocyclic substituents on the pyrazoline ring only served to accentuate these activities. Literature survey also revealed that substitution such as amide group, acetyl groupetc.at N1 of the pyrazoline also played a decisive role in deciding the biological activity. The vast information obtained from literature survey stimulated us to synthesize compounds having 2-pyrazoline as the core moiety of which either the C3 or C5 was substituted with heterocyclic ring in addition to acetyl moiety at the N1 of the pyrazoline. The compounds were assessed for their anticancer potential against four cancer cell- MCF-7, H-460, T-47 D and A-549. MTT assay was carried out for testing the cell viability. The assay results revealed that certain compounds showed anticancer potential because these agents inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines but not against lung cancer cell line. Compounds showing good activity against the cancer cell lines were also evaluated for their antioxidant property especially against reactive oxygen species
Integrated in-vitro antioxidant and in-silico anti-apoptotic study of essential oil components of aconitum heterophyllum wall
(Central University of Punjab, 2013) Bhall, Yashika; Jaitak, Vikas
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. is consumed for its promising medicinal properties in several parts of the world. Present study consists of hydrodistillation, antioxidant potential and in-silico antiapoptotic study of A. heterophyllum oil. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by in-vitro assays namely DPPH, Superoxide anion scavenging and CUPRAC. It was found that the anti-oxidative effect of A. heterophyllum oil was dose dependent up to 200 g/ml. For studying the apoptotic nature of the volatile constituents, in silico studies were carried out using BCL-2 anti-apoptotic receptors (BCL-2, BCL-XL, MCL-1). To understand the cascade of mechanisms leading to apoptosis, NF-?B was also considered. From the comparative study of the constituents with that of the standard inhibitor it has been observed that the constituents show favorable binding affinity for the receptors as in the case of BCL-2 receptor, ?--longipinene has a dock score of -4.26 kcal/mol as comparable to that of standard inhibitor ABT 263 (-4.67 kcal/mol); BCL-XL receptor, neryl acetate has a dock score of -4.05 kcal/mol as compared to ABT 737 (standard inhibitor) which was -9.47 kcal/mol. Best results were observed in the case of NF-?B with ?-fenchol, having the dock score of -4.36 kcal/ mol which shows higher binding affinity of the ?-fenchol molecule for the receptor site as compared to the selective inhibitors parthenolide whose dock score was -3.04 kcal/ mol. In summary, based on our in silico and in vitro results, it can be postulated that essential oil of A.heterophyllum could be used as functional antiapoptotic inhibitor and as natural antioxidant.
DWT-SVD Based robust digital image watermarking using adaptive median filter
(Central University of Punjab, 2013) Kumar, Ashok; Brar, Sukhreet Singh
Feature Matching is one of the central issues of model-based recognition and an important component of most object recognition systems. The feature matching technique can be applied in image alignment, 3D secure reconstruction, motion tracking, object recognition and in pharmacophore based molecular alignment. Even though numerous algorithms exist for feature recognition and search yet the efficiency of these have considerable room for improvement. This has necessitated a continuous search for better performing algorithms. The combination of geometric hashing technique and tolerance limits for a given set of known interactions can be used for the pharmacophore modelling based search. The algorithm proposed is precise as compared with the previous existing algorithms. This algorithm is better in its runtime complexity.
In-vitro guided fractionation of crude root extracts of potentilla atrosanguinea lodd and in-silico of polyphenolic compounds
(Central University of Punjab, 2013) Gupta, Vinay Kumar; Jaitak, Vikas
Modern therapeutic system is a kind of inspiration from traditional plant based medicine used for various diseases and ailments. Advancement in drug discovery technology including computational drug design and bioassay guided fractionation emboldens the interest of Medicinal Chemists? concerning to lead identification from medicinal plants for complicated diseases, in the last few years. There are so many traditional plants which are used in the treatment of various diseases in different parts of our country but scientific information is missing for the same. Potentilla atrosanguinea is a native to the western Himalaya region has been used traditionally for the treatment of wound-healing, diarrhea, influenza and bleeding but there is not even a single published evidence about its activity accept antioxidant activity of aerial part. In this context, the aim of the present study was to explore the roots of P.atrosanguinea in terms of its medicinal value for instances in-vitro photoprotective and antioxidant activity. The photoprotective activity was evaluated in the term of SPF (sun protection factor) by spectrophotometric method in the range of 290-320 nm (UVB region) whereas antioxidative activity was evaluated using a free radical scavenging assay (DPPH, superoxide anion scavenging and CUPRAC). Total phenolic contents of the extract/fractions were v determined by Folin Ciocalteu reagent. The ability of photo-protection of different fraction against UVB region followed the trend Pa-AcOEt > Pa- n-BuOH > Pa-H2O-MeOH > Pa-H2O. Ethyl acetate fraction of Potentilla atrosanguinea indicated the highest sun protection factor (SPF) (7.319 ' 0.353) at a concentration of 120 ?g/ml. IC50 values of aqueous methanolic (Pa-H2O-MeOH) and ethyl acetate fraction (Pa-AcOEt) for DPPH assay was comparable as that of rutin (80 ?g/ml). Superoxide anion scavenging activity of all fractions was found to be excellent than standard (IC50 150 ?g/ml). Calculated IC50 value for the aqueous-methanolic, ethyl acetate, n-butanol (Pa- n-BuOH) and aqueous fractions (Pa-H2O) were 60, 70, 90 and 140 ?g/ml respectively. In CUPRAC assay percentage reduction capacity of the aqueous methanolic crude extract was highest among all other fractions. Total phenol contents of aqueous methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction were almost comparable and indicated high phenol content. Results indicated the importance of ethyl acetate extract of P. atrosanguinea as a photoprotective agent in sunscreen preparation in the pharmaceutical industry and natural antioxidants as well. Further isolation of molecules from ethyl acetate fraction was performed using column chromatography which led to the isolation of total seven molecules out of them two were characterized namely methyl pentatetraconta-30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42-heptaenoate (VVR-I) and pentadecyl butyrate (VVR-III). VVR-I is novel compound while VVR-II is already reported in literature. Moreover, in-silico study of already reported polyphenolic compounds which are considered to be anticancer agents were also carried out using Glide docking to investigate interaction pattern with MDR receptors (MRP1 and GSTP-1) involved in cancer chemotherapy. In-silico findings suggest that rutin may be used as dual modulator for MRP-1 and GSTP1-1 mediated multidrug resistance
Monitoring of mahatama gandhi national rural employment guarantee scheme in kulgam district of jammu and kashmir
(Central University of Punjab, 2013) Naiko, Bilal Ahmad; Kahlon, A. S.
The study entitled "Monitoring of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in Kulgam District of Jammu and Kashmir" is an attempt to assess the implementation of this Scheme. It brings out the violations of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) guidelines. It is based on the analysis of both primary and secondary data.The methodology entails multi-stage sampling method. Kulgam district was selected on the basis of maximum number of projects completed and maximum number of employment days generated during the reference year 2011-12. Further, two Blocks namely Kulgam and D .H. Pora were selected on the basis of maximum funds received during the reference year 2011-12.One Halqa Panchayat namely Checkpora-Bemdora and Manzgam-A were randomly selected from Blocks Kulgam and D. H. Pora respectively. One worksite in each selected Panchayat was also visited to collect the necessary information concerning the implementation of the Scheme. It was found that the study area had an effective mechanism of registration, job card issuance, employment provision (100%) and wage disbursement through bank accounts (100%). Work was provided within the village, equal wages were paid to men and womenand the quality of the assets was satisfactory. However, some serious deficiencies in the implementation of the Scheme were identified which include involvement of Contractors and use of labour displacing machinery, less than stipulated women participation rate,lack of worksite facilities, use of rough account (Kacha Khata), less participation of workers in Employment Guarantee Day and Halqa Majlis (Gram Sabha), provision of lesser than stipulated employment days, wage payment delays, inadequate staffing, lack of institutional arrangements and absence of Social Audit. It is suggested that more intensive monitoring/concurrent evaluation of MGNREGS may be done at the State/District level. State Government should address the manpower shortage and ensure strict compliance with the MGNREGA guidelines to correct the above mentioned deficiencies. However, the implementation of the Act has resulted in democratic decentralization, women empowerment, financial inclusion, rural infrastructure development, improved rural livelihood resource base, more employment generation and improvement in the standard of living of the rural people.
Phytochemical investigation in vitro anti-mutagenic activity of potentilla fulgens lodd and silico study of flavonoids with CDK-2,CDK-6 receptors
(Central University of Punjab, 2013) Monga, Prakriti; Jaitak, Vikas
Plants have been used for thousand years in the treatment of various diseases. Plant secondary metabolites have proved to be an excellent source of new medicinal compounds. They offer protection against variety of chronic diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, obesity and cancer. Mutation is an important factor that is linked to carcinogenesis. It has been found that occurrence of cancer can be reduced by decreasing the incidence or rate of mutation. Plants are promising source of antimutagens agents which are present in them as secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides etc. Potentilla fulgens is an important medicinal plant of higher Himalayas that is known globally for its therapeutic importance. A number of antioxidant constituents have been reported from the plant which mainly consists of polyphenolic compounds. It has been observed that diet rich in polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids can reduce the risk of cancer. P.fulgens reported to have polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids which are potent bioactive molecules that possess anticarcinogenic effects as they can interfere with initiation, development and progression of cancer by the modulation of cell cycle, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Anti-mutagenic activity on different fractions of P.fulgens was carried out, which indicates that n-butanol and water fractions of the plant are strongly anti-mutagenic. Inhibitory activity for n-butanol fraction was 60.4% and 35.4% in co-incubation and pre-incubation respectively in TA 98 tester strains while 55.6% and 62.0% inhibition was observed in TA100 tester strains respectively for co and pre-incubation. For water fraction 56.6% and 60.7% inhibitory activity in co-incubation and pre-incubation mode of treatment respectively against TA98 strain and 34.5% and 50.6% inhibition in TA100 strain for co-incubation and pre-incubation treatment respectively. Results specify the importance of P.fulgens as a new source of anti-mutagenic agents. Isolation of molecules from ethyl acetate and n-butanol v fractions led to the characterisation of one molecule namely catechin out of total six isolated molecules. In-silico study of various reported flavonoids were performed on CDK-2, CDK-6 as these receptors are linked to cell cycle and mutation in cell cycle may lead to cancer. In-silico study indicates that natural as well as synthetic flavonoid molecules can be considered as a treatment for cancer by inhibiting CDK-2 and CDK-6 receptors.
Phytochemical investigation and biological evaluation of secondary metabolites from asparagus racemosus l through in-vitro and in-silico approach
(Central University of Punjab, 2013) Singla, Ramit; Jaitak, Vikas
Nature has been a source of medicinal products for millennia, and with many useful drugs developed from different natural resources, with majority of drugs are from plant origin. Asparagus racemosus belonging to family liliaceae, is one such important medicinal plant. This plant species is used traditionally in India and other parts of the world in epilepsy, Vaat disorders, brain tonic, hypertension, hepatoprotection, immunostimulant and antiabortifacient. In this context, the aim of the present study was to explore the roots of A.racemosus in terms of its medicinal values for instances antimutagenic, and advanced glycation end-product inhibitor. Antimutagenic activity of different extracts were evaluated using Ames test. A. racemosus methanolic extract (RME) and aqueous extract (RAE) have been found to have effective in the inhibition mutation induced by NPD and sodium azide. Among the two extracts, RAE and RME showed maximum inhibition of 49.2%, and 40.63% in Co-incubation mode respectively. The inhibition of BSA-glucose for the determination of antiglycation activity showed that the inhibition varied significantly among different extracts of A. racemosus. The highest inhibition measured by BSA-glucose was observed for (Ethyl acetate extract) REE (IC50 37.56 ± 1.65 ?g/mL) followed by (methanolic extract) RME (IC50 51.32 ± 1.48 ?g/mL). Isolation of molecules from methanol extract led to the characterisation of one molecule v namely nyasol out of total seven isolated molecules. The molecular docking study of isolated molecule Nyasol displayed strong binding affinity with estrogen receptor ? and estrogen receptor ?, indicating that Nyasol is beneficial in hormone responsive breast cancer. Moreover, in-silico study of already reported phytoestrogens from A.racemosus was also carried out using Glide docking to investigate interaction pattern with Human placental estrone sulphatases (1P49), human 17?-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase type 1 (1FDS), human glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (2BH9) and tubulin protein receptors. The top docking score was obtained for rutin (estrogen receptor ?), 3,6,4'-trimethoxy-7-O-?-D-glucopyranosyl [1?4]-O-?-D-xylopyranoside glucopyranpsyl (HSP90), 8-Methoxy-5,6,4-trihydroxyisoflavone-7-O-?-D-glucopyranoside (human placental estrone sulphatase), Shatavarin X (17?-hydroxydehydrogenase`), Racemoside A (Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase), Immunoside (Colchicine binding site of tubulin). The results indicated that phytoestrogens are likely potential candidate for controlling tumor progression with a special emphasis in breast cancer progression.
Imidazole based compunds: Synethesis and in vitro anticancer screening
(Central University of Punjab, 2013) Negi, Arvind; Kumar, Raj
Imidazole is an important five-membered aromatic heterocycle widely present in natural products and synthetic molecules. The unique structural feature of imidazole ring with desirable electron rich characteristic is beneficial for imidazole derivatives to readily bind with a variety of enzymes and receptors in biological systems through diverse weak interactions, thereby exhibiting broad bioactivities. Numerous imidazole-based compounds are in being used extensively in the clinics to treat various types of diseases. We have synthesized, designed and evaluated imidazole-based compounds for anti-proliferative activity against A-549 and Hep-G2 human cancer cell lines. Further the free radical scavenging activity of the selected compounds was performed in order to observe their antioxidant potential (if any). The combined results have shown advent of their first in vitro bioactivity as anticancer and antioxidant compounds and revealed their medicinal potential. The synthetics offer the scope for generation of a library of compounds and their evaluation against a panel of cancer cell lines, studies on structure activity relationship, tracing their molecular mechanism(s) in addition to their development at preclinical level in future.
Investigation of combined genotoxic effect of pesticides on cancer cell lines
(Central University of Punjab, 2013) Anju; Bhardwaj, Pankaj
The use of pesticides in agriculture sector is increasing widely to alleviate crop loss due to pests. To combat problem of pest, various types of pesticides are widely used, out of which insecticide are majorly used. In Malwa region of Punjab lots of insecticides are used. These pesticides when present together they may result in combined response. This combined response can be of three types such as independent, dose addition and interaction (synergism or antagonism). This combined response is very big trouble, such as sometimes even low dose of pesticide which is not toxic individually can result in toxic response in the presence of another pesticide. In the present study, Malathion and Monocrotophos (widely used organophosphorous insecticides) selected for investigation of combined effect. Out of selected pesticide Malathion also detected in water, in present study. Various parameters for genotoxicity evaluation was carried out with exposure of pesticides on HCT-116 WT/ p53 mutant (colon cancer) cell lines. Results of present study suggested that combination of pesticides resulted in more cell death, oxidative stress, membrane instability and imbalanced antioxidative system. It is also evaluated that low dose exposure of pesticides individually and in combination resulted in increased cell survival, may be due to activation of defense mechanism with prior treatment. All parameters evaluated was with short term exposure of 1-2 days, so evaluated long term exposure of ten days and found that this resulted in very less cell number and changed cell morphology. It is observed that both pesticides showed genotoxicity individually as well as in combination. The combined exposure of both pesticides deviate from there expected effect for dose addition towards more toxicity. So it is concluded that there may be some interaction between these pesticides, which may be synergistic in nature, because observed more toxicity.
Performance analysis of spin protocol under different security threats in wireless sensor networks
(Central University of Punjab, 2014) Choudhary, Rohit; Kaur, Amanpreet
The wireless sensor network consists of homogenous sensor nodes with limited energy and computational power which are self organisable. These nodes use radio frequency channels to communicate with each other wirelessly. Besides that wireless sensor networks are resource constrained with low energy and low bandwidth along with shorter communication range. The evolution of VLSI circuit technology has also enabled the development of wireless sensor networks. The ease of deployment and low cost availability of sensor devices has attracted much advancement in wireless sensor networks. The nodes with capabilities of sensing and computing help the administrator to observe particular environment like battle field, climatic conditions and weather forecasting in remote areas etc. This dissertation research is about the study of performance challenges in wireless sensor networks using Sensor Protocol for Information via Negotiation(SPIN) protocol under various security threats and to analyse their impact on SPIN. The empirical study has been carried to validate the issues studied in literature review by simulating the scenarios. On the basis of achieved observations the inference is drawn about the better protocol in sensor network and future recommendations are made for the analysis and enhancement.
Analysis of leach protocol for lifetime optimization of wireless sensor networks
(Central University of Punjab, 2014) Maurya, Prashant; Kaur, Amanpreet
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an emerging field comprised of sensor nodes with limited resources like power, memory etc. It is used to monitor the remote areas where recharging or replacing the battery power of sensor nods is not possible. So, energy is a most challenging issue in case of WSN. Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is most significant protocol which consumes less amount of energy while routing the data to the base station (BS). All descendents protocols of LEACH have been discussed in Literature review chapter. Each descendants of LEACH has its merits and demerits which needs improvement. In this research work RCH-LEACH protocol (LEACH protocol using Relay Cluster Head Node) has been proposed using a relay cluster head node (RCH node) in each cluster. RCH-LEACH protocol has been simulated on MATLAB with fixed location of base station and with fixed percentage of cluster heads in the network. Results of RCH-LEACH has been analyzed using parameters like Energy Consumption per Round, Round when First Node Dies (FND), Round when half of Nodes Die (HND), Round when Last Node Dies (LND) and throughput. Analysis of results represent that FND, HND, LND and Throughput of RCH-LEACH are higher and Energy consumption per Round is lower than that of LEACH protocol. So, it can be concluded that RCH-LEACH outperforms LEACH protocol. This RCH model used in RCH-LEACH protocol can be further extended and implemented on other descendant protocols of LEACH to improve them as a part of future work.
Assessment of antioxidant potential of phytochemicals in human glioblastoma (U-87 MG) cells
(Central University of Punjab, 2014) Kaur, Manpreet; Mantha, Anil K.
Imbalance between production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) leads to oxidative stress and has been well documented for mitochondrial dysfunction, a prime cause towards pathogenesis of neurological diseases and cancer. Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive, invasive and primary brain tumor which shows resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme that scavenges the production of superoxide radicals and dismutases into H?O? which is further converted into H?O and O? by catalase (CAT) enzyme. Apurinic/Apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE1) is a central enzyme of base excision repair (BER) pathway with two important functions; DNA repair and redox regulation of transcription factors (TFs) responsible for cell survival. In this study, it was seen that oxidative stress induced by endogenously found oxidants H?O? and glucose oxidase (GO) enhanced the activities of both CuZn-SOD and MnSOD in U-87 MG cells. In addition, CuZn-SOD levels were found to be increased in H?O?-induced oxidative stress and MnSOD levels were found to be increased in both H?O? and GO- induced oxidative stress. Further, pretreatment with phytochemicals Curcumin and Quercetin modulated the activities and expression of both forms of SOD studied. The BER-pathway enzyme, APE1 level was found to be decreased in mitochondria of oxidative stress induced U-87 MG cells by H?O? and GO, and in contrast APE1 level was found to be increased in cytosol, which indicates that oxidative stress affects the expression level and sub-cellular localization of APE1. Taken together, these results indicate that in GBM it is more likely that activated SOD a key player of antioxidant system and APE1 a key player in BER-pathway might be facilitating cancer cells to survive in oxidative stress environment.
Design and synethesis of putative anti-cancer agents using hybrid molecular approach
(Central University of Punjab, 2014) Saini, Vijayinder; Kumar, Vinod
A Hybrid drug involves the unification of two drug pharmacophores in one single molecule. The hybrid drugs are designed to interact with multiple targets or to intensify its effect through action on another bio target as one single molecule or to counterbalance the known side effects associated with the other hybrid part. One of the important role of hybrid drugs is to counter multidrug resistance. Muti-drug resistance observed during the treatment for cancer. Target therapy for various cancer are developed and successfully used to treat cancer patient. But treatment can be further strengthen by concurrent administration of single drug by combining two different drugs from different origin act at different receptor to cope MDR. It is also said as to load a multi-target drug in a single drug. In the current research proposal, we have designed and synthesized molecules which affect tubulin polymerization as well as MetAP-2 receptor. Both play vital role in tumor progression by strengthening the cell cytoskeleton and angiogenesis process respectively. The hybrids of chalcone (antitubulin) and arylazole (anti MetAP-2) were synthesized and molecular docking studies were performed. The compounds were synthesized by three step reaction and synthesized compounds were analyzed and confirmed by FTIR, NMR and mass spectrometry. The activity of synthesized compound was evaluated against HCT-116 (wild & null type) colon cancer cell lines at a concentration of 5 μM, 25 μM and 50 μM. Compounds were equally active in wild type and null type HTC-116 cell lines with slight less inhibition in null type. Lastly, the information on inhibitory potential of compounds v were obtained from MTT assay wherein VJ-4, VJ-2PP2 & VJ-4PP1 were found to be active anticancer agents
Security analysis of AODV, ARAN and improved mobile adhoc networks routing protocols
(Central University of Punjab, 2014) Goel, Ruby; Meenakshi
Wireless networks use wireless connections to provide a communication environment between the communicating devices using their radio transmission range. Wireless network doesn?t require any pre-established infrastructure. Adhoc network is an infrastructure-less network which allow nodes to communicate beyond their direct wireless transmission range by introducing cooperation in mobile nodes. Wireless communication is guided by routing protocols. Wireless routing protocols come under different categories like- On-demand, Table-driven and secure routing protocols. Wireless networks face many challenges due to limited resources, dynamic topologies and lack of physical security, due to which variety of attacks have been identified that target both the on-demand and table- driven routing protocols. By attacking the routing protocols attacker can absorb network traffic, or can inject the false traffic in the network. Due to this attacks like- Blackhole, IP-Spoofing, False message fabrication, Denial of service, etc. are possible in adhoc networks. Many secure routing protocols have been developed that can deal with these attacks. One of them is Authenticated Routing for Adhoc Network (ARAN) which introduces authentication, message integrity and non- repudiation as part of its security policy and provides security against various network attacks like- Message modification, false message fabrication and impersonation attack. But ARAN is vulnerable to Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) attack because legitimate nodes can send large amount of unnecessary packets in the network and can create congestion and thus prevent other legitimate nodes to access the network. In this research work security aspects of ARAN have been analyzed with respect to Adhoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol under Blackhole and IP-Spoofing attack. Further a technique has been proposed for ARAN to resist DDOS attack by limiting the number of packets per unit of time each node can send in the network and this enhanced ARAN in this research work is called as improved ARAN (i-ARAN). By implementing the proposed technique i- ARAN is able to prevent DDOS attack. Various performance metrics like- Packet Delivery ratio, Average Path Length, Average end-to-end delay and Throughput; iv are calculated under Glomosim-2.03 simulator. Results show that ARAN is safe against Blackhole and IP-Spoofing attack, but AODV is highly vulnerable to both the attacks. Also results of i-ARAN under DDOS attack show that the attack can be prevented by the proposed technique as it provides constant Packet delivery ratio from all the source nodes and throughput of i-ARAN is also approximately constant. By using i-ARAN there is no congestion in the network so average end- to-end delay of i-ARAN is less than the ARAN.
Improved and rule scheme to increase lifetime of wireless sensor networks
(Central University of Punjab, 2014) Saini, Swati; Khurana, Surinder.K
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a network of small light weight wireless nodes which are highly distributed and deployed in large numbers. The sensor nodes scan the environment and provide useful information to the user through sink node. One of the major issues in wireless sensor networks is developing an energy-efficient routing technique which has a significant impact on the overall lifetime of the sensor network. Our dissertation work focuses on increasing lifetime of wireless sensor networks. This is done by improving the existing Divide and Rule Scheme which is based on dividing network area into logical divisions to reduce distance for intra cluster and inter cluster communications. Improvement of Divide and Rule Scheme is done by developing a new scheme called Segregated Receive and Relay Scheme in which addition of relay nodes is done in inner and middle regions. The Proposed Scheme results in around 50% increase in lifetime of inner region nodes and leading to overall increase in lifetime of the network. Other parameters such as Delay, Throughput and Packet loss also shows better results in new Scheme.
To verify the data integrity and third party auditor at user side in cloud computing
(Central University of Punjab, 2014) Goyal, Renuka; Sidhu, Navjoot
Now-a-days the concept of Cloud Computing is one of the major theories in the world of IT. Its services are now being applied to several IT scenarios. Cloud Computing is the Internet based computing which provides users with a number of services. One of the services provided by the cloud computing is data storage. Users store their data in the cloud without the burden of local data storage. But as every technology has some drawbacks, cloud computing also has some drawbacks. The main drawback of cloud computing is the security issues that are associated with it. The security issue with which this dissertation is dealing is the threat to data integrity. As the user no longer has physical possession of data so the integrity of data stored on cloud server become the major concern in the cloud computing. Data stored on the cloud server may be getting corrupted and sometimes even the cloud service provider for his own benefit like for more space on data centre can discard the user data which is not used for a longer time. In order to maintain the integrity of data, the user takes the assistance of a Third Party Auditor (TPA). The Third Party Auditor checks the integrity of data on user demand and the released audit reports not only helps the user to evaluate the risk of their services but also helps the cloud service provider to improve their security mechanism. As a part of verification it is assumed that Third Party Auditor is reliable and independent which does not mean that there is no space for the Third Party Auditor to cheat. So there is need to check the integrity and Third Party Auditor at user side. This dissertation highlights the basics of cloud computing, general model and different approaches used for Third Party Auditor. The model to verify the data integrity and Third Party Auditor is implemented in this dissertation and the results found are good according to the user data.
Design and synethesis of APE1 inhibitors as putative anticancer agents
(Central University of Punjab, 2014) Kaur, Gagandeep; Kumar, Raj
Success in chemotherapy has not been attained completely yet and has remained a worried issue from years. Various reasons drive this failure, but the much talked about is failure due to emergence of resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs due to various factors. One of the major reasons here we have targeted is the resistance developed against DNA damaging chemotherapy due to over activation of APE1 enzyme evolved in BER pathway, which is the major repair pathway responsible for 95% of the DNA repair. Design and synthesis of APE1 inhibitors using rational approach fulfilling the pharmacophoric requirements has been carried out in this research work. Molecular modelling studies were performed to confirm that designed compounds fit well into the repair active cavity. 14 compounds have been designed and synthesized having pyrazolo-quinazolines core structure. The anticancer potential of the 8 representative compounds was evaluated against rat C-6 glial cell line at different concentrations. All synthesized compounds showed good anticancer activity against rat C-6 glial cell lines. The inhibitory potential of the compounds obtained from the MTT assay results helped us to formulate the SAR studies. Further ROS measurement was also carried out using DCFDA assay. Compounds showing good MTT results were also found to be potential antioxidants which conclude their mechanism of anticancer activity through APE1 inhibition. The active compounds may be taken further for lead optimisation and mechanistic interventions for their in vitro binding studies on APE1 in future.
Extended stable election protocol with advance probability method in wireless sensor networks
(Central University of Punjab, 2014) Singh, Mandeep; Sidhu, Navjoot
Wireless sensor network is an emerging research field. It has gained a lot of attention from industry and academia. Mainly it is used for monitoring and data aggregation from the field. Data is most important in this process as it gives us the useful information. There are lots of techniques to gather data from the field. These techniques or can be said protocols must be energy efficient as this is a main constraint for the sensor nodes having limited battery. Lot of protocols have been designed for this process. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is a basic protocol that uses clustering. It has significantly increased the life-time of network as compared to old flat protocols. There are various advancements in LEACH. Heterogeneity is also an important matter in sensor network as all the nodes do not lose energy uniformly. SEP (Stable Election Protocol) is a heterogeneous aware protocol based on LEACH and increases the lifetime of the network. ESEP (Extended Stable Election Protocol) is an extended version of the SEP that adds more heterogeneity by adding one more type of nodes. In heterogeneous aware protocols, each type of node has different amount of initial energy. There is a problem that when nodes left with the same amount of residual energy, the probability remains according to initial energy. So a changed ESEP protocol has been proposed. Simulation has been done in MATLAB and proposed protocol gives better performance in terms of first node dies and total number of packets delivered.
Evaluation of chemical composition and groundwater and anticancer properties of citrullus colocynthis
(Central University of Punjab, 2014) Kaur, Jatinder; Bhardwaj, Pankaj
Colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis (L.)) is medicinal plant of family Cucurbitaceae which is the native of Turkey. This plant has been used as anti-inflammatory agent, for the treatment of jaundice, skin infections, and urinary diseases from ancient times. It is anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-parasitic, antifungal and anti-oxidant in nature and thought to possess anti-cancer properties also. There is no proper study available regarding its anticancer nature. The aim of the study was to estimate the chemical composition of C. colocynthis fruit and the effect of different extracts prepared from C. colocynthis pulp and seeds on various cancer cell lines. These extracts were found to contain number of secondary metabolites which may further have useful and healing properties. When cancer cells were treated with different prepared extracts, the cell viability of various cancer cells was reduced effectively. Effect of p53 gene was also analysed by using intact p53 as well as p53 mutant cell lines. Antioxidant activity of C. colocynthis was also determined by performing H2DCFDA. Assessment of various antioxidant enzymes such as Catalase, SOD, and Glutathione reductase was also done and found to be present in this fruit. We also analysed the protective effect of C. colocynthis by first treating the cells with pesticides and then with colocynthis extracts. Results indicate that C. colocynthis neutralized the harmful effect of pesticides. The results obtained are encouraging and confirm the value of the use of C. colocynthis as an anticancer agent for fighting against various cancers. It may be helpful to find the exact component responsible for the protective action of C. colocynthis.