Department Of Geography
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Item SLUMS IN LUDHIANA AND BATHINDA CITIES OF PUNJAB: A SOCIO-GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS(Central University of Punjab, 2019) Kaur, Amandeep; Singh, Kiran KumariWellbeing of slum dwellers needs efficient delivery of basic amenities and facilities. Over many decades several programmes and policies have been implemented to ensure decent quality of life to the slum dwellers but parts of many cities are still in the state of deprivation from basic amenities. This study analyses the status of available basic amenities and facilities in two cities of Punjab: Ludhiana and Bathinda. The study also highlighted the effectiveness of policies and programs in slums of both the cities. Field survey was conducted in different phases to collect data on eight basic amenities and facilities in slum areas. The study did not only brought out the status of availability of basic amenities but also analysed the level of satisfaction of the slum dwellers. The study also focused on the gender wise participation of slum dwellers in urban economic activities by examining the factors influencing their participation. The desirable data for the present study was collected from secondary and primary sources. The secondary data for the study was collected from publishes and unpublished resources such as Punjab Municipal Infrastructure Development Company, Municipal Corporations and Town and Country Planning departments of Ludhiana and Bathinda cities, research papers, articles, books, newspapers and other web sources. The primary data was collected through interview schedule and check list from selected notified and non-notified slums of Ludhiana and Bathinda cities. The collected data was analysed by using various statistical methods like descriptive statistics, multiple regression, simple probit and Student’s t test (two tailed). The study revealed that the overall condition of non-notified slums is more severe in iv terms of availability of basic facilities as compare to notified slums. Finding of the study for two cities suggest that slums of Bathinda city are in poor conditions of sewerage and solid waste management and slums of Ludhiana city lack government healthcare facilities, government schools, roads and public transport facilities. The finding calls for urgent attention to ensure the basic amenities in slums of both the cities. The study also advocates to shift the focus of plans and policies towards delivery of basic amenities and services keeping in view the quality of life of slum dwellers. The study brought up suitable recommendations for the upgradation of slums and efficient delivery of basic infrastructures and services in slums.Item WETLAND IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXTS: A STUDY OF HARIKE, ROPAR AND NANGAL WETLANDS(Central University of Punjab, 2019) Kumar, Gaurav; Singh, Kiran KumariWetland ecosystem is regarded as one of most productive system of the earth surface due to its inclusive nature to supports a variety of flora and fauna. There are a number of functions and services provided by the wetland ecosystem which includes purification of water, protection from floods, groundwater replenishment, woods for fuel and commercial uses, fish resources, recreational and social services. Therefore, the study is an attempt to evaluate the socio-economic significance of wetland area and their relation with the livelihood activities of local people in Harike, Ropar and Nangal wetlands of Punjab. The economic value of the wetland products and services have been calculated from direct use value which employed different methods. The study also focused on the threat perceptions related to impact of human developmental activities inside the wetland boundaries. The people participation for the conservation and management of the wetland area has also been studied through their willingness to pay for such actions. The data desirable for the present study are collected from both secondary and primary sources. The secondary data for the study has been collected from published and unpublished resources such as from Department of Forest and Wildlife Preservation (Punjab), Department of Forest and Wildlife preservation (Firozpur), Department of Forest and Wildlife Preservation (Ropar), Harike Sanctuary Office, Punjab State for Science and Technology (PSCST), ENVIS, articles, research papers, newspapers, books and other internet resources. The Primary data has been collected through interview schedule of the iv people of selected villages/towns falling within one kilometre buffer zone around the Harike, Ropar and Nangal wetlands. The collected data are analysed by using statistical methods like descriptive statistics, regression and probit model. The study came up with suitable recommendations for conservation of wetland.Item Late-Holocene climate response and glacial fluctuations revealed by the sediment record of the monsoon-dominated Chorabari Lake, Central Himalaya(SAGE Publications Ltd, 2020) Shukla, T; Mehta, M; Dobhal, D.P; Bohra, A; Pratap, B; Kumar, A.We studied a periglacial lake situated in the monsoon-dominated Central Himalaya where an interplay of monsoonal precipitation and glacial fluctuations during the late Holocene is well preserved. A major catastrophe occurred on 16-17 June 2013, with heavy rains causing rupturing of the moraine-dammed Chorabari Lake located in the Mandakini basin, Central Himalaya, and exposed 8-m-thick section of the lacustrine strata. We reconstructed the late-Holocene climatic variability in the region using multi-parametric approach including magnetic, mineralogical and chemical (XRF) properties of sediments, paired with grain size and optically simulated luminescence (OSL) dating. The OSL chronology suggests that the lake was formed by a lateral moraine during the deglaciation phase of Chorabari Glacier between 4.2 and 3.9 ka and thereafter the lake deposited about 8-m-thick sediment sequence in the past 2.3 ka. The climatic reconstruction of the lake broadly represents the late-Holocene glacial chronology of the Central Himalaya coupled with many short-term climatic perturbations recorded at a peri-glacial lake setting. The major climatic phases inferred from the study suggests (1) a cold period between 260 BCE and 270 CE, (2) warmer conditions between 900 and 1260 CE for glacial recession and (3) glacial conditions between ~1370 and 1720 CE when the glacier gained volume probably during the 'Little Ice Age" (LIA). We suggest a high glacial sensitivity to climatic variability in the monsoon-dominated region of the Himalaya. The Author(s) 2020.Item The hazardous 2017-2019 surge and river damming by Shispare Glacier, Karakoram(Nature Research, 2020) Bhambri, R; Watson, C.S; Hewitt, K; Haritashya, U.K; Kargel, J.S; Pratap, Shahi A; Chand, P; Kumar, A; Verma, A; Govil, H.In 2017-2019 a surge of Shispare Glacier, a former tributary of the once larger Hasanabad Glacier (Hunza region), dammed the proglacial river of Muchuhar Glacier, which formed an ice-dammed lake and generated a small Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF). Surge movement produced the highest recorded Karakoram glacier surface flow rate using feature tracking (~18 ± 0.5 m d−1) and resulted in a glacier frontal advance of 1495 ± 47 m. The surge speed was less than reports of earlier Hasanabad advances during 1892/93 (9.3 km) and 1903 (9.7 km). Surges also occurred in 1973 and 2000-2001. Recent surges and lake evolution are examined using feature tracking in satellite images (1990-2019), DEM differencing (1973-2019), and thermal satellite data (2000-2019). The recent active phase of Shispare surge began in April 2018, showed two surface flow maxima in June 2018 and May 2019, and terminated following a GLOF on 22-23 June 2019. The surge likely had hydrological controls influenced in winter by compromised subglacial flow and low meltwater production. It terminated during summer probably because increased meltwater restored efficient channelized flow. We also identify considerable heterogeneity of movement, including spring/summer accelerations. 2020, The Author(s).Item Assessment of surface water and groundwater interaction using hydrogeology, hydrochemical and isotopic constituents in the Imphal river basin, Northeast India(Elsevier, 2020) Kshetrimayum, K.S; Laishram, P.The surface water and groundwater interaction in the Imphal River Basin in Northeast India using hydrogeology, hydrochemical and isotopic constituents has examined to elucidate hydrochemical evolution, surface water and groundwater mixing and recharge condition. Groundwater is characterized by Ca2+Cl - HCO3 -facies while surface water exhibits Ca2+ Cl- type. Surface water prevailed the intermediate stage of chemical evolution while groundwater characterizes the late stage of chemical evolution. Analysis of flow net combined with hydrogeologic sections revealed significant relationship of surface water and groundwater in the basin. The upper and lower reaches are characterized by contour heads showing an upstream pointing curvature due to depression induced by groundwater discharge where contour lines cross a gaining stream. The middle reach is marked by contour curvature pointing downstream owing to mounding induced by groundwater recharge where it crosses a losing stream. Groundwater shows markedly depleted isotopic composition than surface water. Both surface water and groundwater fall below Global Meteoric Water Line and Local Meteoric Water Line indicating the source of water through infiltratio,n of modern precipitation. The slope of the evaporation line and the original composition of water are identified as 4.92 and 6.58‰ and 42.17‰, respectively. Isotopic d-excess values revealed isotopic composition of semi-arid climate. 2020 Elsevier B.V.Item Assessment of Urban Sprawl in Bathinda City, India(Elsevier, 2018) LTS GuiteUrban sprawl denotes expansion of human population away from the central urban areas into low-density areas that are mostly car dependent communities. The exact definition of urban sprawl differs among researchers as the term lacks precision and sometime have negative connotation. While urban sprawl appears to be inevitable phenomena (Buzbee, 2000), it is criticized for causing environmental degradation (Seto et al., 2011, Wilson and Chakraborty, 2013) and undermining of existing urban areas as the margin expands. Batty, Besussi, and Chin (2003) defines sprawl as, “uncoordinated growth: the expansion of community without concern for its consequences in short unplanned, incremental urban growth which is often regarded as unsustainable”. In India, the unprecedented population growth and migration results in urban sprawl where the urban fringe towns and cities cope up with changing land use along the highways and in the immediate vicinity of the city for better space. Due to which, the dispersed development takes place, outside the compact urban and village, along highways and rural countryside (Theobald, 2001) and this growth of built ups outside the urban margins are termed as urban sprawl. Bhatta et al. (2010) argues, despite the dispute over a precise definition of sprawl, the general consensus of urban sprawl is characterized by “unplanned and uneven pattern of growth, driven by multitude of processes and leading to inefficient resource utilization”. Therefore, the methods of identifying urban sprawl is important in delineating the term from sub-urbanization using indicators (Ewing, 1997) rather than characteristics, as it is more flexible and less arbitrary. Five indicators (Hasse & Lathrop, 2003) proposed to examine the per capita consumption of land associated to sprawl includes: (1) density of new urbanization; (2) loss of prime farmland; (3) loss of natural wetlands; (4) loss of core forest habitat; and (5) increase of impervious surface. As in late 20th century, strong sentiment against urban sprawl has developed in the United States (Brueckner, 2000) that includes a lot of critics, alleging that excessive urban expansion have encroached farm land and open space. In western countries, urban sprawl is the consequence of suburbanization, and urban sprawl means excessive suburbanization (Mills, 2003) resulting into argument that urban sprawl is used synonymous with suburbanization in a pejorative way.Item Study Of Microfossils (Foraminifers) From The Khari Nadi Formation Of Jangadia Section Kutch: Palaeoenvironmental Implication(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Haobijam, Johnson; Sharma, K. MilankumarThe study area lies in the Kutch of Gujarat which is western most part of the Indian subcontinent. This dissertation attempts to study the systematic palaentology of the foraminifera and palaeoenvironment of the Khari Nadi formation of Jangadia section of lower Miocene time. After the thorough study and taking photograph by using trinocular sterozoom microscope nearly 160 specimen are found and most of them are benthic foraminifera and only few of them are planktonic. The benthic foraminifera is best to study the palaeoenvironment of the particular area. The specimen Elphidium are found at the lagoonal environment. Quinqueloculina and triloculina are found in the nearshore environment. Nonion and Nonionella are found in the outerself environment. So, the Khari Nadi formation of Jhangadia section was lagoonal to upperslope environment during the time of lower Miocene which the was slowly transgressive over a stable shelfItem Analysis Of Land-Use Land-Cover Change In Rajouri District, Jammu And Kashmir(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Ahmed, Ishtiaq; Guite,L.T. SasangAn attempt was made in this study to detect the land use and land cover changes in Rajouri district of J&K during the period from November 2008 to December 2016. The LULC change over a span of 08 years (2008-2016) was investigated through remote sensing approach using two different time satellite images. Supervised classification in GIS software has been adopted in LISS-III (2008) and Landsat-8 (2016) images of the study area. To identify LULC changes from these pictures, post classification are used. The findings of Land-use Land-cover change shown that the study has experienced a decrease in forests by 6 percent and with an increase in agricultural land and open fields and settlement areas during the study period. These amendments in the land-use and land cover of the study area convey us that this change is due to rising anthropogenic burden on forests and high level of deforestation is responsible. Nonstop assessments of land-use/land-covers changes in this city and the implementation of proper land use planning are mandatory for ideal and systematic development.Item Analysing The Impact Of Sand Mining On The Flow Of Tawi River, Jammu And Kashmir(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Salgotra, Vishabh; GUITE, L.T. SASANGThe river Tawi in Jammu and Kashmir faces indiscriminate sand mining practice where large amount of sand is being mined from the river bed between Nagrota and Sidhra area. The increasing pace of urbanization and associated developments in Jammu City and nearby areas are responsible for this practice. The mining activity in Tawi river involves massive digging of river bed materials upto 3-4 mts depth with the help of heavy duty excavators used by the mining contractors, whereas, the Geology and Mining Department gave the permission to extract the materials up to 3 mts depth. Moreover, the sand mining has impacted the flow of river Tawi particularly between Nagrota and Sidhra. In this study, the locations of sand mining sites in Tawi river between Nagrota and Sidhra are mapped from 2007 to 2018 and an attempt made to analyse the possible impact of sand mining on the flow of river. The mapping is done by using GIS technique and a field visit is also carried out for acquiring the coordinates and photographs of present sand mining sites in river TawiItem Urban Green Space And Question Of Distributive Justice: A Study Of Cities Of Punjab Using Geo-Spatial Approach(Central University of Punjab, 2018) Kaur, Navjotpreet; Singh, Kiran K.Urban green parks play vital role in providing fresh and healthy environment in urban areas. But conspicuous problem remains in unequal distribution of parks. This problem raises various questions. One of them is distributive justice. This study was conducted for four major cities of Punjab: Ludhiana, Bathinda, Amritsar and Chandigarh, to check the location of parks and slums in these cities to look into the problem of distributive justice. In study, the buffer analysis is used to know the serving area of parks and to represent over-served, served and un-served area of parks. GIS (Geographical Information System) is used to derive the serving area of parks. The result shows that major concentration of parks is in exclusive areas in these cities like elite class residential localities. It also highlights that most of the parks are far away from the slum areas. The study also shows that well planned areas have the high facility of parks than others. Overall, these findings help in underscoring the problem of distributive justice in allocating parks in urban areas.